HMGT 3301 EXAM 1 - Chapter 1, 2 & 3
cv cv cv cv cv cv cv cv cv
WhycvdidcvthecvprofessionalizationcvofcvmedicinecvstartcvlatercvincvthecvU.S.cvth
ancvincvsomecvWesterncvEuropeancvnations?cv-cvcorrectcvanswer✔ ✔
Americancvmedicinecvlaggedcvbehindcvthecvadvancescvincvmedicalcvscience,
cvexperimentalcvresearchcvand
medicalcveducationcvandcvmaintainedcvacvdomesticcvcharactercvbecause...
(i)cvAmericanscvhadcvacvtendencycvtocvneglectcvresearchcvincvbasiccvsciencescva
ndcvplacedcvmorecvemphasiscvon
appliedcvsciences
(ii)cvAmericancvattitudescvaboutcvmedicalcvtreatmentcvplacedcvemphasiscvoncv
naturalcvhistorycvand
conservativecvcommoncvsense.
Whycvdidcvmedicinecvhavecvacvdomestic,cvrathercvthancvprofessional,cvcharact
ercvincvthecvpreindustrialcvera?
Howcvdidcvurbanizationcvchangecvthat?cv-cvcorrectcvanswer✔ ✔
1)cvMedicalcvPracticecvwascvincvdisarray-
cvAnyonecvcouldcvpracticecvwithoutcvrestrictioncvorcvtraining
2)cvMedicalcvprocedurescvwerecvprimitive-cvnocvtechnicalcvexpertise
3)cvMissingcvinstitutionalcvcore-
cvnocvwidespreadcvdevelopmentcvofcvhospitals
,4)cvDemandcvwascvunstable-cvlowcvdemandcvduecvtocvself-
reliancecv(familycvfolk-remedies),cveconomic
conditionscv(opportunitycvcostcvofcvtransportation),cvandcvpurchasecvcostscv(fe
ecvforcvservice)
5)cvMedicalcveducationcvwascvsubstandard-
apprenticeship,cvunrestrictedcventry,cvandcvdeficientcvin
sciencecvbasedcvtraining
Urbanizationcvincreasedcvreliancecvoncvspecializedcvskillscvofcvpaidcvprofessio
nalscvbecause..
a.cvDistancedcvpeoplecvfromcvfamiliescvandcvneighborhoods-
cvnocvmorecvfamily-basedcvremedies
b.cvWomencvbegancvworkingcvoutsidecvthecvhome-
cvnocvlongercvcaringcvforcvthecvsick
c.cvPhysicianscvbecamecvlesscvexpensivecvandcvmorecvaccessible-
cvtelephones,cvcars,
roadsreducedcvopp.cvcostcvofcvtimecvandcvtravel-cvmorecvaffordable
d.cvBettercvgeographiccvproximitycvofcvpatientscvandcvphysicians
Whichcvfactorscvexplaincvwhycvthecvdemandcvforcvthecvservicescvofcvacvprofessi
onalcvphysiciancvwas
inadequatecvincvthecvpreindustrialcvera?cvHowcvdidcvscientificcvmedicinecvandcv
technologycvchangecvthat?cv-cvcorrectcvanswer✔ ✔
Demandcvwascvlowcvbecause:
,-cvSmallcvruralcvcommunitiescvwerecvself-
reliant:cvfamilycvcare,cvhomecvfolkcvremedies.cvMostcv"physicians"cvhadcvnocve
xpertisecvtocvoffer
-cvNotcvaffordable
-
Indirectcvcostcvofcvtransportationcvandcvopportunitycvcostcvofcvtravelcv(timecvl
cv
ost)
-cvCostscvdoubled-
cv2cvpplcv(physiciancvandcvemissary)cvhadcvtocvmakecvtripcvbackcvandcvforth
-cvPrivatecvfunds,cvnocvinsurance-cvpersonallycvpaycvforcvfee-for-cvservice
Sciencecvandcvtechnologycvledcvto..
-cvIncreasedcvdemandcvforcvadvancedcvservicescv-
cvspecializedcvtrainingcvbecamecvnecessarycvand
medicinecvpracticecvbecamecvmorecvprofessional-
cvnocvlongercvprovidedcvbycvfamilies
-cvLegitimacycvandcvcomplexity-
cveffectivenesscvofcvscientificcvmedicinecvbecamecvwidely
recognized
-cvCulturalcvAuthority-
cvgeneralcvacceptancecvofcvandcvreliancecvoncvthecvjudgement
ofcvmemberscvofcvacvprofessioncvbecausecvofcvsuperiorcvknowledgecvandcvexpe
rtise
, -
People'scvlivescvbecamecvincreasinglycvgovernedcvbycvmedicalcvdecisionscvm
cv
adecvbycvphysicians-
admissioncvtocvhospital,cvnecessarycvtreatment,cvprescriptions,cvgrantingcvme
dicalcvleave,
worker'scvcompensationcvcases,cvpre-employmentcvphysicals,cvetc.
Howcvdidcvthecvemergencecvofcvgeneralcvhospitalscvstrengthencvthecvprofessio
nalcvsovereigntycvof
physicians?cv-cvcorrectcvanswer✔ ✔
a.cvHospitalscvwerecvdependentcvoncvphysicianscvtocvkeepcvthecvbedscvfilled-
cvempoweredcvphysicians
andcvenhancedcvtheircvdominancecvbecausecvhospitalscvhadcvtocvkeepcvthemcvsa
tisfiedcveven
thoughcvtheycvwerecvnotcvemployedcvbycvthecvhospitals.cvTheycvhadcvenormou
scvinfluencecvover
hospitalcvpolicy.
Discusscvthecvrelationshipcvofcvdependencycvwithincvthecvcontextcvofcvthecvme
dicalcvprofession'scvcultural
andcvlegitimizedcvauthority.cvwhatcvrolecvdidcvmedicalcveducationcvreformcvpl
aycvincvgalvanizing
professionalcvauthority?cv-cvcorrectcvanswer✔ ✔
Dependencycvemergedcvbecause...
cv cv cv cv cv cv cv cv cv
WhycvdidcvthecvprofessionalizationcvofcvmedicinecvstartcvlatercvincvthecvU.S.cvth
ancvincvsomecvWesterncvEuropeancvnations?cv-cvcorrectcvanswer✔ ✔
Americancvmedicinecvlaggedcvbehindcvthecvadvancescvincvmedicalcvscience,
cvexperimentalcvresearchcvand
medicalcveducationcvandcvmaintainedcvacvdomesticcvcharactercvbecause...
(i)cvAmericanscvhadcvacvtendencycvtocvneglectcvresearchcvincvbasiccvsciencescva
ndcvplacedcvmorecvemphasiscvon
appliedcvsciences
(ii)cvAmericancvattitudescvaboutcvmedicalcvtreatmentcvplacedcvemphasiscvoncv
naturalcvhistorycvand
conservativecvcommoncvsense.
Whycvdidcvmedicinecvhavecvacvdomestic,cvrathercvthancvprofessional,cvcharact
ercvincvthecvpreindustrialcvera?
Howcvdidcvurbanizationcvchangecvthat?cv-cvcorrectcvanswer✔ ✔
1)cvMedicalcvPracticecvwascvincvdisarray-
cvAnyonecvcouldcvpracticecvwithoutcvrestrictioncvorcvtraining
2)cvMedicalcvprocedurescvwerecvprimitive-cvnocvtechnicalcvexpertise
3)cvMissingcvinstitutionalcvcore-
cvnocvwidespreadcvdevelopmentcvofcvhospitals
,4)cvDemandcvwascvunstable-cvlowcvdemandcvduecvtocvself-
reliancecv(familycvfolk-remedies),cveconomic
conditionscv(opportunitycvcostcvofcvtransportation),cvandcvpurchasecvcostscv(fe
ecvforcvservice)
5)cvMedicalcveducationcvwascvsubstandard-
apprenticeship,cvunrestrictedcventry,cvandcvdeficientcvin
sciencecvbasedcvtraining
Urbanizationcvincreasedcvreliancecvoncvspecializedcvskillscvofcvpaidcvprofessio
nalscvbecause..
a.cvDistancedcvpeoplecvfromcvfamiliescvandcvneighborhoods-
cvnocvmorecvfamily-basedcvremedies
b.cvWomencvbegancvworkingcvoutsidecvthecvhome-
cvnocvlongercvcaringcvforcvthecvsick
c.cvPhysicianscvbecamecvlesscvexpensivecvandcvmorecvaccessible-
cvtelephones,cvcars,
roadsreducedcvopp.cvcostcvofcvtimecvandcvtravel-cvmorecvaffordable
d.cvBettercvgeographiccvproximitycvofcvpatientscvandcvphysicians
Whichcvfactorscvexplaincvwhycvthecvdemandcvforcvthecvservicescvofcvacvprofessi
onalcvphysiciancvwas
inadequatecvincvthecvpreindustrialcvera?cvHowcvdidcvscientificcvmedicinecvandcv
technologycvchangecvthat?cv-cvcorrectcvanswer✔ ✔
Demandcvwascvlowcvbecause:
,-cvSmallcvruralcvcommunitiescvwerecvself-
reliant:cvfamilycvcare,cvhomecvfolkcvremedies.cvMostcv"physicians"cvhadcvnocve
xpertisecvtocvoffer
-cvNotcvaffordable
-
Indirectcvcostcvofcvtransportationcvandcvopportunitycvcostcvofcvtravelcv(timecvl
cv
ost)
-cvCostscvdoubled-
cv2cvpplcv(physiciancvandcvemissary)cvhadcvtocvmakecvtripcvbackcvandcvforth
-cvPrivatecvfunds,cvnocvinsurance-cvpersonallycvpaycvforcvfee-for-cvservice
Sciencecvandcvtechnologycvledcvto..
-cvIncreasedcvdemandcvforcvadvancedcvservicescv-
cvspecializedcvtrainingcvbecamecvnecessarycvand
medicinecvpracticecvbecamecvmorecvprofessional-
cvnocvlongercvprovidedcvbycvfamilies
-cvLegitimacycvandcvcomplexity-
cveffectivenesscvofcvscientificcvmedicinecvbecamecvwidely
recognized
-cvCulturalcvAuthority-
cvgeneralcvacceptancecvofcvandcvreliancecvoncvthecvjudgement
ofcvmemberscvofcvacvprofessioncvbecausecvofcvsuperiorcvknowledgecvandcvexpe
rtise
, -
People'scvlivescvbecamecvincreasinglycvgovernedcvbycvmedicalcvdecisionscvm
cv
adecvbycvphysicians-
admissioncvtocvhospital,cvnecessarycvtreatment,cvprescriptions,cvgrantingcvme
dicalcvleave,
worker'scvcompensationcvcases,cvpre-employmentcvphysicals,cvetc.
Howcvdidcvthecvemergencecvofcvgeneralcvhospitalscvstrengthencvthecvprofessio
nalcvsovereigntycvof
physicians?cv-cvcorrectcvanswer✔ ✔
a.cvHospitalscvwerecvdependentcvoncvphysicianscvtocvkeepcvthecvbedscvfilled-
cvempoweredcvphysicians
andcvenhancedcvtheircvdominancecvbecausecvhospitalscvhadcvtocvkeepcvthemcvsa
tisfiedcveven
thoughcvtheycvwerecvnotcvemployedcvbycvthecvhospitals.cvTheycvhadcvenormou
scvinfluencecvover
hospitalcvpolicy.
Discusscvthecvrelationshipcvofcvdependencycvwithincvthecvcontextcvofcvthecvme
dicalcvprofession'scvcultural
andcvlegitimizedcvauthority.cvwhatcvrolecvdidcvmedicalcveducationcvreformcvpl
aycvincvgalvanizing
professionalcvauthority?cv-cvcorrectcvanswer✔ ✔
Dependencycvemergedcvbecause...
