MARYVILLE PATHO 611 EXAM 1:
WUNDERLICH WITH SIMPLIFIED
100%ANSWERS
What play a major role in the initiation and progression of which diseases? -
ANSWER-A free radical is an electrically uncharged atom or group of atoms having
an unpaired electron. Having one unpaired electron makes the molecule unstable;
thus to stabilize, it gives up an electron to another molecule or steals one. Therefore,
it is capable of injurious chemical bond formation with proteins, lipids, carbohydrates
—key molecules in membranes and nucleic acids.
Cardiovascular, HTN, IHD. Emerging data indicate that reactive oxygen species play
major roles in the initiation and progression of cardiovascular alterations associated
with hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, and
chronic heart failure.
Cellular injury: What is a consequence of leakage of lysosomes during chemical
injury? - ANSWER-Lysosomes: Enzymatic digestion of cellular organelles, including
the nucleus and nucleolus, ensues, halting synthesis of DNA and ribonucleic acid
(RNA).
Fatty Liver - ANSWER-Ethanol: Liver enzymes metabolize ethanol to acetaldehyde
which causes hepatic cellular dysfunction. Peroxisomes helps detoxify ethanol - if
not functioning properly the ethanol is turned to Fat in the liver
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) - ANSWER-The cell component most vulnerable to the
target of radiation.
Aging and the cell/tissues:
Every physiologic process can be shown to function less efficiently. - ANSWER-
Muscular atrophy (Sarcopenia)
o "Stiffness" or "rigidity" of systems:
Peripheral vascular resistance increases.
Decreased production of HCL and delayed emptying of stomach.
Decreased immune response
F & E: Total body potassium concentration also decreases because of
decreased cellular mass.
An increased sodium/potassium ratio suggests that the decreased cellular mass is
accompanied by an increased extracellular compartment.
Indications of dehydration - ANSWER-Marked water deficit is manifested by S &
S of dehydration: headache, thirst, dry skin and mucous membranes, elevated
temperature, weight loss, and decreased or concentrated urine. Skin turgor may be
normal or decreased. Symptoms/signs of hypovolemia, including tachycardia, weak
pulses, dizziness and postural hypotension, may be present.
, Thirst: Osmoreceptors are activated by an increase in osmotic pressure of the
plasma
Vulnerable populations to FVD:
--Infants: 75-80% TBW
--Obese: fat is water repelling
--Older: thirst sensation is diminished
At the arterial end of capillaries, fluid moves from the intravascular space into the
interstitial space because the [fill in the blank]: - ANSWER-...capillary hydrostatic
pressure (influenced by the Cardiac system) is higher than the capillary oncotic
pressure.
Oncotic pressure - ANSWER-Heavily influenced by plasma proteins.
Low plasma albumin - ANSWER-______ causes edema as a result of a reduction in
plasma oncotic pressure.
Natriuretic peptides - ANSWER-They decrease blood pressure and increase sodium
and water retention. Natriuretic peptides are hormones that include atrial natriuretic
peptide (ANP) produced by the myocardial atria, brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)
produced by the myocardial ventricles, and urodilatin within the kidney. Natriuretic
peptides decrease blood pressure and increase sodium and water excretion.
(ANTAGONIST OF THE RAAS)
RAAS - Renin angiotensin-aldosterone system - ANSWER-When circulating blood
volume or blood pressure is reduced, renin, an enzyme secreted by the
juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney, is released in response to sympathetic nerve
stimulation and decreased perfusion of the renal vasculature.
Increase in plasma osmolarity - ANSWER-ADH: Secretion of antidiuretic hormone
(ADH) and the perception of thirst are stimulated by an increase in __________
What does Na+ do? - ANSWER-Regulator of fluids; maintenance of neuromuscular
irritability for conduction of nerve impulses (134-145)
Clinical manifestations of severe hypernatremia - ANSWER-confusion, convulsions,
cerebral hemorrhage, and comma
Water is drawn from the intracellular space to the extravascular space in an effort to
restore fluid balance.
BRAIN: The high sodium in the blood vessels pulls water out of brain cells into the
blood vessels, causing brain cells to shrink. Cerebral hemorrhage from
stretching/contraction of veins.
Manifestations and causes of hyponatremia (less than 135) - ANSWER-Pure sodium
deficits: diuretics, vomiting, diarrhea.
Dilutional hyponatremias: hypotonic IV solutions (post-op)
WUNDERLICH WITH SIMPLIFIED
100%ANSWERS
What play a major role in the initiation and progression of which diseases? -
ANSWER-A free radical is an electrically uncharged atom or group of atoms having
an unpaired electron. Having one unpaired electron makes the molecule unstable;
thus to stabilize, it gives up an electron to another molecule or steals one. Therefore,
it is capable of injurious chemical bond formation with proteins, lipids, carbohydrates
—key molecules in membranes and nucleic acids.
Cardiovascular, HTN, IHD. Emerging data indicate that reactive oxygen species play
major roles in the initiation and progression of cardiovascular alterations associated
with hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, and
chronic heart failure.
Cellular injury: What is a consequence of leakage of lysosomes during chemical
injury? - ANSWER-Lysosomes: Enzymatic digestion of cellular organelles, including
the nucleus and nucleolus, ensues, halting synthesis of DNA and ribonucleic acid
(RNA).
Fatty Liver - ANSWER-Ethanol: Liver enzymes metabolize ethanol to acetaldehyde
which causes hepatic cellular dysfunction. Peroxisomes helps detoxify ethanol - if
not functioning properly the ethanol is turned to Fat in the liver
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) - ANSWER-The cell component most vulnerable to the
target of radiation.
Aging and the cell/tissues:
Every physiologic process can be shown to function less efficiently. - ANSWER-
Muscular atrophy (Sarcopenia)
o "Stiffness" or "rigidity" of systems:
Peripheral vascular resistance increases.
Decreased production of HCL and delayed emptying of stomach.
Decreased immune response
F & E: Total body potassium concentration also decreases because of
decreased cellular mass.
An increased sodium/potassium ratio suggests that the decreased cellular mass is
accompanied by an increased extracellular compartment.
Indications of dehydration - ANSWER-Marked water deficit is manifested by S &
S of dehydration: headache, thirst, dry skin and mucous membranes, elevated
temperature, weight loss, and decreased or concentrated urine. Skin turgor may be
normal or decreased. Symptoms/signs of hypovolemia, including tachycardia, weak
pulses, dizziness and postural hypotension, may be present.
, Thirst: Osmoreceptors are activated by an increase in osmotic pressure of the
plasma
Vulnerable populations to FVD:
--Infants: 75-80% TBW
--Obese: fat is water repelling
--Older: thirst sensation is diminished
At the arterial end of capillaries, fluid moves from the intravascular space into the
interstitial space because the [fill in the blank]: - ANSWER-...capillary hydrostatic
pressure (influenced by the Cardiac system) is higher than the capillary oncotic
pressure.
Oncotic pressure - ANSWER-Heavily influenced by plasma proteins.
Low plasma albumin - ANSWER-______ causes edema as a result of a reduction in
plasma oncotic pressure.
Natriuretic peptides - ANSWER-They decrease blood pressure and increase sodium
and water retention. Natriuretic peptides are hormones that include atrial natriuretic
peptide (ANP) produced by the myocardial atria, brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)
produced by the myocardial ventricles, and urodilatin within the kidney. Natriuretic
peptides decrease blood pressure and increase sodium and water excretion.
(ANTAGONIST OF THE RAAS)
RAAS - Renin angiotensin-aldosterone system - ANSWER-When circulating blood
volume or blood pressure is reduced, renin, an enzyme secreted by the
juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney, is released in response to sympathetic nerve
stimulation and decreased perfusion of the renal vasculature.
Increase in plasma osmolarity - ANSWER-ADH: Secretion of antidiuretic hormone
(ADH) and the perception of thirst are stimulated by an increase in __________
What does Na+ do? - ANSWER-Regulator of fluids; maintenance of neuromuscular
irritability for conduction of nerve impulses (134-145)
Clinical manifestations of severe hypernatremia - ANSWER-confusion, convulsions,
cerebral hemorrhage, and comma
Water is drawn from the intracellular space to the extravascular space in an effort to
restore fluid balance.
BRAIN: The high sodium in the blood vessels pulls water out of brain cells into the
blood vessels, causing brain cells to shrink. Cerebral hemorrhage from
stretching/contraction of veins.
Manifestations and causes of hyponatremia (less than 135) - ANSWER-Pure sodium
deficits: diuretics, vomiting, diarrhea.
Dilutional hyponatremias: hypotonic IV solutions (post-op)
