A/P 1 BIO 137 EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE 2026
LATEST UPDATE
• Know the types of epithelial tissue (simple, stratified, pseudostratified, urothelial,
keratinized, non-keratinized): the function and representative location of each type.
o Simple:
secretion, absorption and protection.
minor ducts of many exocrine glands
the stomach and uterine cervix.
o Stratified:
protection against microorganisms from invading underlying tissue and/or protection
against water .
-The outer layer of your skin (the epidermis) is made of stratified squamous epithelial
cells.
o Pseudostratified:
protecting foreign particles, transport of substances, secretion of mucus, and
absorption of fluid.
-Pseudostratified / respiratory epithelium- larger respiratory airways of the nasal cavity,
trachea and bronchi.
o Urothelial:
-The urothelium is a type of tissue that lines the inside of your urinary tract.
-serves as a barrier, preventing urine (pee) from leaking out into your body.
-stretches and contracts as your bladder fills and empties.
o Keratinized:
-protein layer is usually dry and is impermeable, acts as a better protective layer.
-Keratinized epithelium is found in the epidermis of the skin, sole of the foot and palm
of the hand.
-(cornified)—layer of dead compressed cells(abrasion resistant, water repellent
glycolipid->dry surface)
o Non- Keratinized:
-usually bears a mucous membrane, serves as an additional protective and lubricating
layer of the epithelium.
-may be seen in the some parts of the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, distal ureters,
vagina and external female genitalia. lacks surface layer of dead cells(abrasion
resistant, surface is moist and slippery)
,• Know the 4 types of connective tissue (fibrous connective tissue, adipose tissue,
supportive connective tissue, fluid connective tissue): the function and representative
location of each type.
o Fibrous connective tissue: supports, protects, and holds bones, muscles, and other
tissues and organs in place. Ligaments, tendons, dermis, and the sclera (the white outer
layer of the eye) are all types of fibrous connective tissue. Composed of cells, fibers,
and ground substance
o Two broad categories: Loose and Dense Connective Tissue
Adipose tissue: D. Adipose tissue AKA fat
• Stored triglycerides in adipocytes for energy.
o Function: insulation, anchoring, and cushioning. ). for storing
and releasing energy and providing insulation.
•
o It's found under your skin (subcutaneous fat), between your internal organs (visceral
fat) and even in the inner cavities of bones (bone marrow adipose tissue).
-supportive connective tissue: three types of cartilage, hyaline, coats the ends
of long bones
Fibro- fibrous, really strong
Elastic- found in the ears
Bone- supports your entire body
o Fluid Connective Tissue: It maintains the continuity of the body by connecting
different parts of the body. It is of two types that are blood and lymph
Lymph nodes reticular connective.
1. Know the 3 types of muscular tissue (skeletal, cardiac, smooth): the function and
representative location of each type.
o Skeletal muscle-
o Attaches to bone or skin
o Function is voluntary movement of SM
o includes the tissue fibers attached to your skeleton or bones and is all your
movements. also found at the openings of tracts in your body, like your throat,
anus, and urethra.
, -- Most skeletal muscles attach to bone• Functions: body movement, breathing,
speech, urination, defecation
o Cardiac muscle tissue-
o Found in wall of the heart.
o Function is involuntary movement of the heart muscle
o It is responsible for keeping the heart pumping and blood circulating around
the body.
Smooth muscle-
- is found throughout the body
- in the stomach and intestines where it helps with digestion and nutrient
collection.
-function involuntary movement such as peristalsis (digestive: propels food contents)
of an organ or vasoconstriction of a blood vessel (regulate diameter of blood
vessels).
- urinary system where it functions to help rid the body of toxins and works in
electrolyte balance.
know which cells makeup the nervous tissue.
o Nervous tissue is composed of two types of cells, neurons and glial cells.
2. Know and be able to differentiate between the 3 types of cellular junctions: tight
junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions.
-Tight junction—tightly linked by cell-adhesion proteins that seal off intercellular
space -> difficult/impossible for substance to pass between cells.
-Desmosome—patch that holds cells together -> not continuous (does not seal off to
prevent seepage)
• Keeps cells from pulling apart, resists mechanical stress
• Hemidesmosome—half-desmosome that anchors basal cells of an epithelium to an
underlying basement membrane
-Gap (communicating) junction—channel between cells formed by ringlike connexon
(six transmembrane proteins)
LATEST UPDATE
• Know the types of epithelial tissue (simple, stratified, pseudostratified, urothelial,
keratinized, non-keratinized): the function and representative location of each type.
o Simple:
secretion, absorption and protection.
minor ducts of many exocrine glands
the stomach and uterine cervix.
o Stratified:
protection against microorganisms from invading underlying tissue and/or protection
against water .
-The outer layer of your skin (the epidermis) is made of stratified squamous epithelial
cells.
o Pseudostratified:
protecting foreign particles, transport of substances, secretion of mucus, and
absorption of fluid.
-Pseudostratified / respiratory epithelium- larger respiratory airways of the nasal cavity,
trachea and bronchi.
o Urothelial:
-The urothelium is a type of tissue that lines the inside of your urinary tract.
-serves as a barrier, preventing urine (pee) from leaking out into your body.
-stretches and contracts as your bladder fills and empties.
o Keratinized:
-protein layer is usually dry and is impermeable, acts as a better protective layer.
-Keratinized epithelium is found in the epidermis of the skin, sole of the foot and palm
of the hand.
-(cornified)—layer of dead compressed cells(abrasion resistant, water repellent
glycolipid->dry surface)
o Non- Keratinized:
-usually bears a mucous membrane, serves as an additional protective and lubricating
layer of the epithelium.
-may be seen in the some parts of the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, distal ureters,
vagina and external female genitalia. lacks surface layer of dead cells(abrasion
resistant, surface is moist and slippery)
,• Know the 4 types of connective tissue (fibrous connective tissue, adipose tissue,
supportive connective tissue, fluid connective tissue): the function and representative
location of each type.
o Fibrous connective tissue: supports, protects, and holds bones, muscles, and other
tissues and organs in place. Ligaments, tendons, dermis, and the sclera (the white outer
layer of the eye) are all types of fibrous connective tissue. Composed of cells, fibers,
and ground substance
o Two broad categories: Loose and Dense Connective Tissue
Adipose tissue: D. Adipose tissue AKA fat
• Stored triglycerides in adipocytes for energy.
o Function: insulation, anchoring, and cushioning. ). for storing
and releasing energy and providing insulation.
•
o It's found under your skin (subcutaneous fat), between your internal organs (visceral
fat) and even in the inner cavities of bones (bone marrow adipose tissue).
-supportive connective tissue: three types of cartilage, hyaline, coats the ends
of long bones
Fibro- fibrous, really strong
Elastic- found in the ears
Bone- supports your entire body
o Fluid Connective Tissue: It maintains the continuity of the body by connecting
different parts of the body. It is of two types that are blood and lymph
Lymph nodes reticular connective.
1. Know the 3 types of muscular tissue (skeletal, cardiac, smooth): the function and
representative location of each type.
o Skeletal muscle-
o Attaches to bone or skin
o Function is voluntary movement of SM
o includes the tissue fibers attached to your skeleton or bones and is all your
movements. also found at the openings of tracts in your body, like your throat,
anus, and urethra.
, -- Most skeletal muscles attach to bone• Functions: body movement, breathing,
speech, urination, defecation
o Cardiac muscle tissue-
o Found in wall of the heart.
o Function is involuntary movement of the heart muscle
o It is responsible for keeping the heart pumping and blood circulating around
the body.
Smooth muscle-
- is found throughout the body
- in the stomach and intestines where it helps with digestion and nutrient
collection.
-function involuntary movement such as peristalsis (digestive: propels food contents)
of an organ or vasoconstriction of a blood vessel (regulate diameter of blood
vessels).
- urinary system where it functions to help rid the body of toxins and works in
electrolyte balance.
know which cells makeup the nervous tissue.
o Nervous tissue is composed of two types of cells, neurons and glial cells.
2. Know and be able to differentiate between the 3 types of cellular junctions: tight
junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions.
-Tight junction—tightly linked by cell-adhesion proteins that seal off intercellular
space -> difficult/impossible for substance to pass between cells.
-Desmosome—patch that holds cells together -> not continuous (does not seal off to
prevent seepage)
• Keeps cells from pulling apart, resists mechanical stress
• Hemidesmosome—half-desmosome that anchors basal cells of an epithelium to an
underlying basement membrane
-Gap (communicating) junction—channel between cells formed by ringlike connexon
(six transmembrane proteins)
