NSG 312 EXAM 3 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS. VERIFIED 2026.
What is the primary function of the heart? - ANS To pump blood to the body through the
vascular system to supply oxygen and nutrients to the tissues.
Where is the point of maximal impulse (PMI) located? - ANS At the apex, in the fifth
intercostal space at the midclavicular line on the left.
What are the three layers of the heart? - ANS Endocardium (endothelial tissue), myocardium
(muscle), and epicardium (protection).
What is the pericardium? - ANS A fibrous sac that surrounds the heart.
What is the pathway of deoxygenated blood through the heart? - ANS Deoxygenated blood
flows from the superior/inferior vena cava to the right atrium, right ventricle, right and left
pulmonary arteries, and then to the lungs.
What separates the right atrium from the right ventricle? - ANS The tricuspid valve.
What are the phases of the cardiac cycle? - ANS Diastole (relaxation) and systole
(contraction).
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
,What is the role of the SA node in the heart? - ANS It is the heart's natural pacemaker that
sets the rhythm and rate.
What is cardiac output? - ANS The total amount of blood ejected from one ventricle of the
heart per minute, typically 5-6 L/min at rest.
What is preload? - ANS The degree of stretching of the ventricular muscle at the end of
diastole.
What is afterload? - ANS The resistance needed to overcome to eject blood from the heart.
What are the normal hemoglobin levels for females? - ANS 12-16 g/dL.
What are the normal hemoglobin levels for males? - ANS 14-18 g/dL.
What is anemia? - ANS A condition where the body does not have enough healthy red blood
cells (RBCs).
What are common symptoms of anemia? - ANS Fatigue, pallor, headache, tachycardia,
numbness, tingling, cold intolerance, dyspnea on exertion, and irritability.
What are risk factors for developing anemia? - ANS Acute blood loss, chronic blood loss (e.g.,
GI bleed), inadequate intake of iron, B12, or folic acid.
What is the significance of the Bundle of His in cardiac function? - ANS It divides into the
right and left bundle branches, facilitating ventricular contraction.
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
, What do Purkinje fibers do? - ANS They are responsible for ventricular contraction.
What are the common comorbidities associated with heart failure? - ANS Obesity, atrial
fibrillation, chronic kidney disease, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension.
What are some non-pharmacological treatments for heart failure? - ANS Smoking cessation,
weight reduction, healthy diet, monitoring fluid intake, and stress management.
What is the role of ACE inhibitors in heart failure treatment? - ANS They help to relax blood
vessels and reduce the workload on the heart.
What are common symptoms of Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia? - ANS Glossitis (beefy red
tongue), koilonychias (spoon-shaped nails), numbness and tingling in extremities.
What dietary sources are rich in Vitamin B12? - ANS Liver, meat, eggs, and milk.
What is pernicious anemia? - ANS A type of Vitamin B12 deficiency caused by lack of intrinsic
factor in the stomach, leading to decreased absorption.
What are some risk factors for pernicious anemia? - ANS Chron's disease, ETOH abuse, celiac
disease, bariatric surgery, and long-term use of medications that decrease gastric acid.
What is folic acid deficiency anemia associated with? - ANS Excess alcohol intake, which
blocks Vitamin B12 absorption.
What is sickle cell anemia? - ANS An inherited blood disorder where red blood cells become
abnormally shaped and rigid, leading to ischemic pain and organ damage.
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
ANSWERS. VERIFIED 2026.
What is the primary function of the heart? - ANS To pump blood to the body through the
vascular system to supply oxygen and nutrients to the tissues.
Where is the point of maximal impulse (PMI) located? - ANS At the apex, in the fifth
intercostal space at the midclavicular line on the left.
What are the three layers of the heart? - ANS Endocardium (endothelial tissue), myocardium
(muscle), and epicardium (protection).
What is the pericardium? - ANS A fibrous sac that surrounds the heart.
What is the pathway of deoxygenated blood through the heart? - ANS Deoxygenated blood
flows from the superior/inferior vena cava to the right atrium, right ventricle, right and left
pulmonary arteries, and then to the lungs.
What separates the right atrium from the right ventricle? - ANS The tricuspid valve.
What are the phases of the cardiac cycle? - ANS Diastole (relaxation) and systole
(contraction).
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
,What is the role of the SA node in the heart? - ANS It is the heart's natural pacemaker that
sets the rhythm and rate.
What is cardiac output? - ANS The total amount of blood ejected from one ventricle of the
heart per minute, typically 5-6 L/min at rest.
What is preload? - ANS The degree of stretching of the ventricular muscle at the end of
diastole.
What is afterload? - ANS The resistance needed to overcome to eject blood from the heart.
What are the normal hemoglobin levels for females? - ANS 12-16 g/dL.
What are the normal hemoglobin levels for males? - ANS 14-18 g/dL.
What is anemia? - ANS A condition where the body does not have enough healthy red blood
cells (RBCs).
What are common symptoms of anemia? - ANS Fatigue, pallor, headache, tachycardia,
numbness, tingling, cold intolerance, dyspnea on exertion, and irritability.
What are risk factors for developing anemia? - ANS Acute blood loss, chronic blood loss (e.g.,
GI bleed), inadequate intake of iron, B12, or folic acid.
What is the significance of the Bundle of His in cardiac function? - ANS It divides into the
right and left bundle branches, facilitating ventricular contraction.
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
, What do Purkinje fibers do? - ANS They are responsible for ventricular contraction.
What are the common comorbidities associated with heart failure? - ANS Obesity, atrial
fibrillation, chronic kidney disease, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension.
What are some non-pharmacological treatments for heart failure? - ANS Smoking cessation,
weight reduction, healthy diet, monitoring fluid intake, and stress management.
What is the role of ACE inhibitors in heart failure treatment? - ANS They help to relax blood
vessels and reduce the workload on the heart.
What are common symptoms of Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia? - ANS Glossitis (beefy red
tongue), koilonychias (spoon-shaped nails), numbness and tingling in extremities.
What dietary sources are rich in Vitamin B12? - ANS Liver, meat, eggs, and milk.
What is pernicious anemia? - ANS A type of Vitamin B12 deficiency caused by lack of intrinsic
factor in the stomach, leading to decreased absorption.
What are some risk factors for pernicious anemia? - ANS Chron's disease, ETOH abuse, celiac
disease, bariatric surgery, and long-term use of medications that decrease gastric acid.
What is folic acid deficiency anemia associated with? - ANS Excess alcohol intake, which
blocks Vitamin B12 absorption.
What is sickle cell anemia? - ANS An inherited blood disorder where red blood cells become
abnormally shaped and rigid, leading to ischemic pain and organ damage.
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
