NSG 533 ALL STUDY PACK 2023 COMPLETE
BUNDLED EXAMS QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED
ANSWERS GRADED A+
◉ 7 general mechanisms of cell injury. Answer: 1. ATP depletion
2. Mitochondrial damage
3. Accumulation of oxygen and oxygen-derived free radicals
4. Membrane damage (depletion of ATP)
5. Protein folding defects
6. DNA damage defects
7. Calcium level alterations
◉ 3 cellular events that occur with ischemia-induced hypoxic injury.
Answer: 1. Since not enough oxygen is reaching the cell, the amount of
ATP production within the mitochondria declines
2. When ATP production through oxidative phosphorylation declines,
glycolysis (anaerobic metabolism) increases
3. The decline in pH leads to rupture of already swollen lysosomes and
release of their proteolytic enzymes = autodigestion of cell contents and
cell membrane
◉ 4 A&P occurrences that characterize all cell injury and death. Answer:
1. Impaired energy (ATP) production
2. Direct cell membrane damage/injury
,3. Genetic alteration
4. Metabolic derangements
◉ 4 critical points at which ATP production may be impaired. Answer:
1. Hypoxia (the most common)
2. Hypoglycemia (far less common than hypoxia)
3. Inhibition of enzymes within the cell (extremely rare)
4. Uncoupling of oxidation and phosphorylation (extremely rare)
◉ 5 forms of direct cell membrane damage/injury. Answer: 1. The effect
of free radicals (reactive oxygen species)
2. Activation of the complement system
3. Lysis by enzymes
4. Lysis by viruses
5. Physical and chemical stressors
◉ 2 forms of endogenous accumulations (metabolic derangements).
Answer: 1. Fat
2. Bilirubin
◉ 4 effects of free cytosolic calcium. Answer: 1. Activation of protein
kinases
2. Activation of phospholipases with phospholipid degradation and loss
, 3. Activation of proteases
4. Activation of endonuclease
◉ Pyknosis. Answer: Clumping of nuclear material
◉ Karyorrhexis. Answer: Fragmentation of the nuclear material
◉ Karyolysis. Answer: Dissolution of the nuclear material
◉ 3 mechanisms involved in apoptosis. Answer: 1. Apoptosis triggered
by internal signals: the intrinsic or mitochondrial pathway
2. Apoptosis triggered by external signals: the extrinsic or death receptor
pathway
3. Apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF)
◉ Current TBW for water deficit. Answer: weight in kg x (0.4 for
women, 0.5 for men, 0.6 for infants)
◉ Ideal TBW. Answer: (current Na X TBW) / 140
◉ Water deficit. Answer: (Current Na X TBW) / 140 - TBW
BUNDLED EXAMS QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED
ANSWERS GRADED A+
◉ 7 general mechanisms of cell injury. Answer: 1. ATP depletion
2. Mitochondrial damage
3. Accumulation of oxygen and oxygen-derived free radicals
4. Membrane damage (depletion of ATP)
5. Protein folding defects
6. DNA damage defects
7. Calcium level alterations
◉ 3 cellular events that occur with ischemia-induced hypoxic injury.
Answer: 1. Since not enough oxygen is reaching the cell, the amount of
ATP production within the mitochondria declines
2. When ATP production through oxidative phosphorylation declines,
glycolysis (anaerobic metabolism) increases
3. The decline in pH leads to rupture of already swollen lysosomes and
release of their proteolytic enzymes = autodigestion of cell contents and
cell membrane
◉ 4 A&P occurrences that characterize all cell injury and death. Answer:
1. Impaired energy (ATP) production
2. Direct cell membrane damage/injury
,3. Genetic alteration
4. Metabolic derangements
◉ 4 critical points at which ATP production may be impaired. Answer:
1. Hypoxia (the most common)
2. Hypoglycemia (far less common than hypoxia)
3. Inhibition of enzymes within the cell (extremely rare)
4. Uncoupling of oxidation and phosphorylation (extremely rare)
◉ 5 forms of direct cell membrane damage/injury. Answer: 1. The effect
of free radicals (reactive oxygen species)
2. Activation of the complement system
3. Lysis by enzymes
4. Lysis by viruses
5. Physical and chemical stressors
◉ 2 forms of endogenous accumulations (metabolic derangements).
Answer: 1. Fat
2. Bilirubin
◉ 4 effects of free cytosolic calcium. Answer: 1. Activation of protein
kinases
2. Activation of phospholipases with phospholipid degradation and loss
, 3. Activation of proteases
4. Activation of endonuclease
◉ Pyknosis. Answer: Clumping of nuclear material
◉ Karyorrhexis. Answer: Fragmentation of the nuclear material
◉ Karyolysis. Answer: Dissolution of the nuclear material
◉ 3 mechanisms involved in apoptosis. Answer: 1. Apoptosis triggered
by internal signals: the intrinsic or mitochondrial pathway
2. Apoptosis triggered by external signals: the extrinsic or death receptor
pathway
3. Apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF)
◉ Current TBW for water deficit. Answer: weight in kg x (0.4 for
women, 0.5 for men, 0.6 for infants)
◉ Ideal TBW. Answer: (current Na X TBW) / 140
◉ Water deficit. Answer: (Current Na X TBW) / 140 - TBW
