NSG 533 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
EXAM 3 EXAM SCRIPT 2026 PRACTICE
SOLUTION BUNDLED
◉ Etiology. Answer: Causative factor
-simple
-complex
-idiopathic
-iatrogenic
◉ Epidemiology. Answer: Patterns in populations of people and
their characteristics
-incidence
-prevalence
◉ Incidence. Answer: New
◉ Prevalence. Answer: Existing and new; total
◉ Pathogenesis. Answer: Sequence of events from stimulus of
disease and manifestations
,◉ Clinical manifestations. Answer: Signs (assessment, definitive)
Symptoms (experienced by pt, subjective)
◉ Outcomes. Answer: Cure, remission, chronicity, or death
-not specifically treatment
◉ Primary prevention. Answer: Preventing initial occurrence
◉ Secondary prevention. Answer: Detection and screening
◉ Tertiary prevention. Answer: Treating or reducing
relapse/disability/chronicity
◉ What are the 4 common mechanisms of cell injury and death?.
Answer: 1. ATP depletion
2. O2 and oxygen-derived free radicals
3. Intracellular calcium and loss of steady state
4. Membrane permeability defect
◉ What is ATP depletion?. Answer: Inability of cell to produce
adequate ATP to fuel normal activities
,-most common: hypoxia
◉ How does hypoxia affect cellular energy production?. Answer:
Hypoxia leads to the inability to perform oxidative phosphorylation
(aerobic) and glycolysis (anaerobic) kicks in
◉ What are the consequences of ATP depletion in terms of ion
regulation?. Answer: ATP depletion leads to the failure of the NaK
pump, causing the leakage of Na+ and Ca2+ into the cell, and the
production of lactate
◉ How does NaK pump failure impact the cell?. Answer: Na
normally outside and K normally inside
Na+ leaks in and pump can't maintain balance
Water follows, cell and contents swells
◉ What does a drop in pH do to the cell?. Answer: Pyknosis,
karyorrhexis, and karyolysis
Disruption of cell membrane allowing calcium influx
, ◉ Pyknosis. Answer: Clumping of nuclear material as a result of a
drop in pH
◉ Karyorrhexis. Answer: Fragmentation of nuclear material
◉ Karyolysis. Answer: Dissolution of nuclear material
◉ What are free radicals?. Answer: Unstable compounds with an
unpaired electron and high affinity for lipids, normal byproduct of
cellular metabolism
◉ What is lipid peroxidation?. Answer: Binding of free radicals to
phospholipid bilayer membrane around the cell and its organelles
causing dissolution or a hole
◉ What are reactive oxygen species (ROS). Answer: Chemically
reactive molecules formed as natural oxidant species in cells during
mitochondrial respiration and energy generation
◉ How does the body handle free radicals and ROS to prevent tissue
injury. Answer: Antioxidants remove
problems occur when free radicals are produced in amounts that
overwhelm antioxidants
EXAM 3 EXAM SCRIPT 2026 PRACTICE
SOLUTION BUNDLED
◉ Etiology. Answer: Causative factor
-simple
-complex
-idiopathic
-iatrogenic
◉ Epidemiology. Answer: Patterns in populations of people and
their characteristics
-incidence
-prevalence
◉ Incidence. Answer: New
◉ Prevalence. Answer: Existing and new; total
◉ Pathogenesis. Answer: Sequence of events from stimulus of
disease and manifestations
,◉ Clinical manifestations. Answer: Signs (assessment, definitive)
Symptoms (experienced by pt, subjective)
◉ Outcomes. Answer: Cure, remission, chronicity, or death
-not specifically treatment
◉ Primary prevention. Answer: Preventing initial occurrence
◉ Secondary prevention. Answer: Detection and screening
◉ Tertiary prevention. Answer: Treating or reducing
relapse/disability/chronicity
◉ What are the 4 common mechanisms of cell injury and death?.
Answer: 1. ATP depletion
2. O2 and oxygen-derived free radicals
3. Intracellular calcium and loss of steady state
4. Membrane permeability defect
◉ What is ATP depletion?. Answer: Inability of cell to produce
adequate ATP to fuel normal activities
,-most common: hypoxia
◉ How does hypoxia affect cellular energy production?. Answer:
Hypoxia leads to the inability to perform oxidative phosphorylation
(aerobic) and glycolysis (anaerobic) kicks in
◉ What are the consequences of ATP depletion in terms of ion
regulation?. Answer: ATP depletion leads to the failure of the NaK
pump, causing the leakage of Na+ and Ca2+ into the cell, and the
production of lactate
◉ How does NaK pump failure impact the cell?. Answer: Na
normally outside and K normally inside
Na+ leaks in and pump can't maintain balance
Water follows, cell and contents swells
◉ What does a drop in pH do to the cell?. Answer: Pyknosis,
karyorrhexis, and karyolysis
Disruption of cell membrane allowing calcium influx
, ◉ Pyknosis. Answer: Clumping of nuclear material as a result of a
drop in pH
◉ Karyorrhexis. Answer: Fragmentation of nuclear material
◉ Karyolysis. Answer: Dissolution of nuclear material
◉ What are free radicals?. Answer: Unstable compounds with an
unpaired electron and high affinity for lipids, normal byproduct of
cellular metabolism
◉ What is lipid peroxidation?. Answer: Binding of free radicals to
phospholipid bilayer membrane around the cell and its organelles
causing dissolution or a hole
◉ What are reactive oxygen species (ROS). Answer: Chemically
reactive molecules formed as natural oxidant species in cells during
mitochondrial respiration and energy generation
◉ How does the body handle free radicals and ROS to prevent tissue
injury. Answer: Antioxidants remove
problems occur when free radicals are produced in amounts that
overwhelm antioxidants
