NSG 5140 Advanced Pathophysiology Midterm Exam
Questions And Correct Answers (Verified Answers)
Latest Update 2026/2027 | Graded A+ | South College
1. Which of the following is the primary site of erythropoiesis in
adults?
A. Spleen
B. Liver
C. Bone marrow
D. Lymph nodes
Rationale: In adults, red blood cells are primarily produced in the bone
marrow, whereas the liver and spleen are major sites during fetal
development.
2. Which cell type is most responsible for antibody-mediated
immunity?
A. T lymphocytes
B. B lymphocytes
C. Macrophages
D. Neutrophils
Rationale: B lymphocytes differentiate into plasma cells, which produce
antibodies, mediating humoral immunity.
, 3. In the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes, the initial defect is
typically:
A. Autoimmune destruction of beta cells
B. Insulin resistance
C. Increased insulin secretion
D. Glucagon deficiency
Rationale: Type 2 diabetes usually begins with insulin resistance; beta-cell
failure occurs later.
4. Which electrolyte imbalance is most likely to cause cardiac
arrhythmias?
A. Hypernatremia
B. Hypocalcemia
C. Hyperkalemia
D. Hypophosphatemia
Rationale: Potassium plays a key role in cardiac conduction; hyperkalemia
can cause fatal arrhythmias.
5. Which of the following hormones increases blood glucose levels?
A. Insulin
B. Amylin
C. Glucagon
D. Somatostatin
,Rationale: Glucagon stimulates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis,
raising blood glucose levels.
6. A patient presents with edema and hypoalbuminemia. Which
type of edema is most likely present?
A. Localized edema
B. Generalized edema
C. Lymphedema
D. Pitting edema
Rationale: Hypoalbuminemia reduces plasma oncotic pressure, leading to
generalized edema.
1. Which of the following best describes necrosis?
A. Programmed cell death
B. Controlled cellular degradation
C. Unregulated cell death due to injury
D. Apoptotic cell signaling
Rationale: Necrosis results from severe cell injury and leads to unregulated
cell death, inflammation, and tissue damage.
2. Which of the following is the hallmark of acute inflammation?
A. Fibrosis
B. Neutrophil infiltration
C. Granuloma formation
, D. Chronic tissue remodeling
Rationale: Acute inflammation is characterized by rapid neutrophil
infiltration, redness, heat, swelling, and pain.
3. A patient has a deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which factor in
Virchow’s triad is primarily involved?
A. Endothelial injury
B. Hypercoagulability
C. Venous stasis
D. Inflammation
Rationale: Venous stasis contributes to thrombus formation in DVT, part of
Virchow’s triad.
4. Which of the following is the primary cause of metabolic acidosis
with an elevated anion gap?
A. Diarrhea
B. Renal tubular acidosis
C. Lactic acidosis
D. Vomiting
Rationale: Lactic acidosis increases unmeasured anions, causing metabolic
acidosis with an elevated anion gap.
5. In heart failure, which compensatory mechanism initially helps
maintain cardiac output?
Questions And Correct Answers (Verified Answers)
Latest Update 2026/2027 | Graded A+ | South College
1. Which of the following is the primary site of erythropoiesis in
adults?
A. Spleen
B. Liver
C. Bone marrow
D. Lymph nodes
Rationale: In adults, red blood cells are primarily produced in the bone
marrow, whereas the liver and spleen are major sites during fetal
development.
2. Which cell type is most responsible for antibody-mediated
immunity?
A. T lymphocytes
B. B lymphocytes
C. Macrophages
D. Neutrophils
Rationale: B lymphocytes differentiate into plasma cells, which produce
antibodies, mediating humoral immunity.
, 3. In the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes, the initial defect is
typically:
A. Autoimmune destruction of beta cells
B. Insulin resistance
C. Increased insulin secretion
D. Glucagon deficiency
Rationale: Type 2 diabetes usually begins with insulin resistance; beta-cell
failure occurs later.
4. Which electrolyte imbalance is most likely to cause cardiac
arrhythmias?
A. Hypernatremia
B. Hypocalcemia
C. Hyperkalemia
D. Hypophosphatemia
Rationale: Potassium plays a key role in cardiac conduction; hyperkalemia
can cause fatal arrhythmias.
5. Which of the following hormones increases blood glucose levels?
A. Insulin
B. Amylin
C. Glucagon
D. Somatostatin
,Rationale: Glucagon stimulates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis,
raising blood glucose levels.
6. A patient presents with edema and hypoalbuminemia. Which
type of edema is most likely present?
A. Localized edema
B. Generalized edema
C. Lymphedema
D. Pitting edema
Rationale: Hypoalbuminemia reduces plasma oncotic pressure, leading to
generalized edema.
1. Which of the following best describes necrosis?
A. Programmed cell death
B. Controlled cellular degradation
C. Unregulated cell death due to injury
D. Apoptotic cell signaling
Rationale: Necrosis results from severe cell injury and leads to unregulated
cell death, inflammation, and tissue damage.
2. Which of the following is the hallmark of acute inflammation?
A. Fibrosis
B. Neutrophil infiltration
C. Granuloma formation
, D. Chronic tissue remodeling
Rationale: Acute inflammation is characterized by rapid neutrophil
infiltration, redness, heat, swelling, and pain.
3. A patient has a deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which factor in
Virchow’s triad is primarily involved?
A. Endothelial injury
B. Hypercoagulability
C. Venous stasis
D. Inflammation
Rationale: Venous stasis contributes to thrombus formation in DVT, part of
Virchow’s triad.
4. Which of the following is the primary cause of metabolic acidosis
with an elevated anion gap?
A. Diarrhea
B. Renal tubular acidosis
C. Lactic acidosis
D. Vomiting
Rationale: Lactic acidosis increases unmeasured anions, causing metabolic
acidosis with an elevated anion gap.
5. In heart failure, which compensatory mechanism initially helps
maintain cardiac output?
