NSG 5140 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL
EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS |
GRADED A+ | LATEST UPDATE 2026/2027 | 100%
GUARANTEED PASS.
1. Which pathophysiologic mechanism underlies acute respiratory distress
syndrome (ARDS)?
A. Bronchoconstriction
B. Diffuse alveolar damage → increased permeability → pulmonary edema
C. Pulmonary embolism
D. Pneumothorax
Answer: B
Rationale: ARDS is caused by inflammatory injury to alveoli → non-cardiogenic
pulmonary edema → hypoxemia.
2. Which type of shock is characterized by low SVR and warm extremities?
A. Hypovolemic
B. Cardiogenic
C. Obstructive
D. Distributive (septic/anaphylactic)
Answer: D
Rationale: Vasodilation → hypotension, warm peripheries.
3. Which electrolyte abnormality occurs in tumor lysis syndrome?
A. Hyponatremia
B. Hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia, hyperuricemia, hypocalcemia
C. Hypercalcemia only
D. Hypokalemia
Answer: B
,Rationale:Massive cell lysis → release of intracellular K⁺, phosphate, nucleic
acids → uric acid ↑, Ca²⁺ ↓.
5. Which lab marker is most specific for liver injury?
A. ALP
B. Bilirubin
C. ALT
D. Albumin
Answer: C
Rationale: ALT is liver-specific, released during hepatocyte injury.
6. Which electrolyte abnormality can cause cardiac arrhythmias and peaked
T-waves on ECG?
A. Hypokalemia
B. Hypocalcemia
C. Hyperkalemia
D. Hypernatremia
Answer: C
Rationale: ↑ K⁺ alters cardiac action potentials → arrhythmias.
7. Which acid-base disorder occurs in prolonged vomiting?
A. Metabolic acidosis
B. Metabolic alkalosis
C. Respiratory acidosis
D. Respiratory alkalosis
Answer: B
Rationale: Loss of H⁺ from stomach → ↑ serum HCO₃⁻ → alkalosis.
8. Which type of necrosis is typical in tuberculosis?
,A. Coagulative
B. Liquefactive
C. Caseous
D. Fat
Answer: C
Rationale: Granulomatous inflammation → cheesy, caseous necrosis.
9. Which lab value is most sensitive for early kidney injury?
A. BUN
B. Creatinine
C. LDH
D. Urine sodium
Answer: B
Rationale: Creatinine rises early when GFR declines.
4. Which hormone deficiency causes diabetes insipidus?
A. Aldosterone
B. Cortisol
C. ADH (vasopressin)
D. Insulin
Answer: C
Rationale: ADH deficiency → inability to concentrate urine → polyuria,
hypernatremia.
10. Which pathophysiologic mechanism causes edema in nephrotic
syndrome?
A. Increased hydrostatic pressure
B. Hypoalbuminemia → ↓ oncotic pressure
, C. Lymphatic obstruction
D. Hypernatremia
Answer: B
Rationale:Protein loss → low plasma oncotic pressure → fluid shifts into
interstitium.
13. Which hormone excess causes Cushing’s syndrome?
A. Aldosterone
B. Cortisol
C. T3/T4
D. Growth hormone
Answer: B
Rationale: Cortisol excess → hyperglycemia, central obesity, muscle wasting.
14. Which acid-base disorder occurs in diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?
A. Metabolic alkalosis
B. Metabolic acidosis
C. Respiratory alkalosis
D. Respiratory acidosis
Answer: B
Rationale: Ketoacid accumulation → ↓ HCO₃⁻ → metabolic acidosis.
15. Which lab marker rises earliest after myocardial injury?
A. CK-MB
B. Troponin
C. Myoglobin
D. LDH
Answer: C
Rationale: Myoglobin rises 1–3 hr post-MI; troponin is more specific.
EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS |
GRADED A+ | LATEST UPDATE 2026/2027 | 100%
GUARANTEED PASS.
1. Which pathophysiologic mechanism underlies acute respiratory distress
syndrome (ARDS)?
A. Bronchoconstriction
B. Diffuse alveolar damage → increased permeability → pulmonary edema
C. Pulmonary embolism
D. Pneumothorax
Answer: B
Rationale: ARDS is caused by inflammatory injury to alveoli → non-cardiogenic
pulmonary edema → hypoxemia.
2. Which type of shock is characterized by low SVR and warm extremities?
A. Hypovolemic
B. Cardiogenic
C. Obstructive
D. Distributive (septic/anaphylactic)
Answer: D
Rationale: Vasodilation → hypotension, warm peripheries.
3. Which electrolyte abnormality occurs in tumor lysis syndrome?
A. Hyponatremia
B. Hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia, hyperuricemia, hypocalcemia
C. Hypercalcemia only
D. Hypokalemia
Answer: B
,Rationale:Massive cell lysis → release of intracellular K⁺, phosphate, nucleic
acids → uric acid ↑, Ca²⁺ ↓.
5. Which lab marker is most specific for liver injury?
A. ALP
B. Bilirubin
C. ALT
D. Albumin
Answer: C
Rationale: ALT is liver-specific, released during hepatocyte injury.
6. Which electrolyte abnormality can cause cardiac arrhythmias and peaked
T-waves on ECG?
A. Hypokalemia
B. Hypocalcemia
C. Hyperkalemia
D. Hypernatremia
Answer: C
Rationale: ↑ K⁺ alters cardiac action potentials → arrhythmias.
7. Which acid-base disorder occurs in prolonged vomiting?
A. Metabolic acidosis
B. Metabolic alkalosis
C. Respiratory acidosis
D. Respiratory alkalosis
Answer: B
Rationale: Loss of H⁺ from stomach → ↑ serum HCO₃⁻ → alkalosis.
8. Which type of necrosis is typical in tuberculosis?
,A. Coagulative
B. Liquefactive
C. Caseous
D. Fat
Answer: C
Rationale: Granulomatous inflammation → cheesy, caseous necrosis.
9. Which lab value is most sensitive for early kidney injury?
A. BUN
B. Creatinine
C. LDH
D. Urine sodium
Answer: B
Rationale: Creatinine rises early when GFR declines.
4. Which hormone deficiency causes diabetes insipidus?
A. Aldosterone
B. Cortisol
C. ADH (vasopressin)
D. Insulin
Answer: C
Rationale: ADH deficiency → inability to concentrate urine → polyuria,
hypernatremia.
10. Which pathophysiologic mechanism causes edema in nephrotic
syndrome?
A. Increased hydrostatic pressure
B. Hypoalbuminemia → ↓ oncotic pressure
, C. Lymphatic obstruction
D. Hypernatremia
Answer: B
Rationale:Protein loss → low plasma oncotic pressure → fluid shifts into
interstitium.
13. Which hormone excess causes Cushing’s syndrome?
A. Aldosterone
B. Cortisol
C. T3/T4
D. Growth hormone
Answer: B
Rationale: Cortisol excess → hyperglycemia, central obesity, muscle wasting.
14. Which acid-base disorder occurs in diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?
A. Metabolic alkalosis
B. Metabolic acidosis
C. Respiratory alkalosis
D. Respiratory acidosis
Answer: B
Rationale: Ketoacid accumulation → ↓ HCO₃⁻ → metabolic acidosis.
15. Which lab marker rises earliest after myocardial injury?
A. CK-MB
B. Troponin
C. Myoglobin
D. LDH
Answer: C
Rationale: Myoglobin rises 1–3 hr post-MI; troponin is more specific.
