NURS 231 / BIOD 331 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (2 VERSION
EXAM) MODULE 8 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH
STUDY GUIDE | LATEST 2026/2027 UPDATE | GRADEED A+ |
GUARANTEED PASS – PORTAGE LEARNING.
Inside you will get:
➢ Updated 2 Version Exam + Study Guide
➢ True & False Questions
➢ Multiple Choice Questions and Answers
➢ Expert-Verified Explanations
Table of Contents
BIOD 331 MODULE 8 EXAM VERSION 1 ....................................................... 1
BIOD 331 MODULE 8 EXAM VERSION 2 ...................................................... 16
BIOD 331 MODULE 8 EXAM STUDY GUIDE ....................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
BIOD 331 MODULE 8 EXAM VERSION 1
1. Which of the following is characteristic of chronic transplant rejection?
Choose matching definition
- it involves humoral immunity
,- involves increased t lymphocytes
- can not occur months to years after transplant
- it is the active form of vitamin d, converted in the liver
Answer: it involves humoral immunity
Verified Rationale:
Chronic transplant rejection is primarily mediated by humoral (antibody-mediated)
immune responses as well as alloantibody targeting of the graft vasculature. Over time,
this results in progressive vasculopathy and fibrosis of the transplanted tissue. T
lymphocytes can be involved, but the chronic phase distinctively features antibody-
mediated mechanisms. Chronic rejection develops months to years after
transplantation, and is a major cause of late allograft failure.
---
2. A decrease in Na+ reabsorption is achieved through the action of which of
the following?
Choose matching definition
- nitrates
- diuretics
- antihistamines
- anticoagulants
Answer: diuretics
Verified Rationale:
Diuretics are a class of drugs specifically designed to reduce sodium reabsorption in the
renal tubules, resulting in increased excretion of sodium and water. This
,pharmacological effect is utilized in treating hypertension, heart failure, and edema by
decreasing fluid volume.
---
---
4. A patient presents to the emergency department with complaints of sharp
pain that comes in waves in the upper lateral quadrant of the abdomen. Their
skin is clammy, and they have been experiencing nausea and vomiting all day
long. They have a history of UTIs. Urinalysis reveals that the pH of their urine
is 7.8. A CT scan is ordered, and it reveals a stone 4 mm in diameter. What
type of renal calculi do you suspect? What treatment is needed? Explain your
reasoning for both answers.
Choose matching definition
- The patient has a magnesium ammonium phosphate stone given the elevated pH of
their urine. These types of stones are the result of a UTI caused by bacteria that
contains urease. Urease breaks urea down to form ammonia which raises the pH of the
urine. This patient has a history of UTIs so this should be taken into consideration. This
patient does not require a procedure to remove the stone. Since it is less than 5 mm in
diameter, the stone should pass on its own. The patient should be placed on antibiotics
to treat the UTI as well as medication for pain management.
Answer:
The patient has a magnesium ammonium phosphate stone given the elevated pH of
their urine. These types of stones are the result of a UTI caused by bacteria that
contains urease. Urease breaks urea down to form ammonia which raises the pH of the
urine. This patient has a history of UTIs so this should be taken into consideration. This
patient does not require a procedure to remove the stone. Since it is less than 5 mm in
, diameter, the stone should pass on its own. The patient should be placed on antibiotics
to treat the UTI as well as medication for pain management.
Verified Rationale:
Alkaline urine (pH >7.0), in the context of recurrent UTIs, is most consistent with
struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate) stones. Urea-splitting bacteria (such as
Proteus) increase urinary pH, predisposing to this stone type. Small stones (<5 mm)
generally pass spontaneously; infection treatment and pain control are the mainstays.
---
5. The __________ has the largest impact on pH control.
Choose matching definition
- metabolic control mechanism
- buffering control mechanism
- renal control mechanism
- respiratory control mechanism
Answer: buffering control mechanism
Verified Rationale:
Buffering systems, particularly the bicarbonate buffer, act immediately to minimize
changes in blood pH, thus exerting the most rapid and direct effect on acid-base
homeostasis before respiratory or renal compensation mechanisms become active.
---
6. A patient with chronic kidney disease must undergo dialysis treatments as
they wait for transplantation. Give 1 reason peritoneal dialysis would be
EXAM) MODULE 8 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH
STUDY GUIDE | LATEST 2026/2027 UPDATE | GRADEED A+ |
GUARANTEED PASS – PORTAGE LEARNING.
Inside you will get:
➢ Updated 2 Version Exam + Study Guide
➢ True & False Questions
➢ Multiple Choice Questions and Answers
➢ Expert-Verified Explanations
Table of Contents
BIOD 331 MODULE 8 EXAM VERSION 1 ....................................................... 1
BIOD 331 MODULE 8 EXAM VERSION 2 ...................................................... 16
BIOD 331 MODULE 8 EXAM STUDY GUIDE ....................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
BIOD 331 MODULE 8 EXAM VERSION 1
1. Which of the following is characteristic of chronic transplant rejection?
Choose matching definition
- it involves humoral immunity
,- involves increased t lymphocytes
- can not occur months to years after transplant
- it is the active form of vitamin d, converted in the liver
Answer: it involves humoral immunity
Verified Rationale:
Chronic transplant rejection is primarily mediated by humoral (antibody-mediated)
immune responses as well as alloantibody targeting of the graft vasculature. Over time,
this results in progressive vasculopathy and fibrosis of the transplanted tissue. T
lymphocytes can be involved, but the chronic phase distinctively features antibody-
mediated mechanisms. Chronic rejection develops months to years after
transplantation, and is a major cause of late allograft failure.
---
2. A decrease in Na+ reabsorption is achieved through the action of which of
the following?
Choose matching definition
- nitrates
- diuretics
- antihistamines
- anticoagulants
Answer: diuretics
Verified Rationale:
Diuretics are a class of drugs specifically designed to reduce sodium reabsorption in the
renal tubules, resulting in increased excretion of sodium and water. This
,pharmacological effect is utilized in treating hypertension, heart failure, and edema by
decreasing fluid volume.
---
---
4. A patient presents to the emergency department with complaints of sharp
pain that comes in waves in the upper lateral quadrant of the abdomen. Their
skin is clammy, and they have been experiencing nausea and vomiting all day
long. They have a history of UTIs. Urinalysis reveals that the pH of their urine
is 7.8. A CT scan is ordered, and it reveals a stone 4 mm in diameter. What
type of renal calculi do you suspect? What treatment is needed? Explain your
reasoning for both answers.
Choose matching definition
- The patient has a magnesium ammonium phosphate stone given the elevated pH of
their urine. These types of stones are the result of a UTI caused by bacteria that
contains urease. Urease breaks urea down to form ammonia which raises the pH of the
urine. This patient has a history of UTIs so this should be taken into consideration. This
patient does not require a procedure to remove the stone. Since it is less than 5 mm in
diameter, the stone should pass on its own. The patient should be placed on antibiotics
to treat the UTI as well as medication for pain management.
Answer:
The patient has a magnesium ammonium phosphate stone given the elevated pH of
their urine. These types of stones are the result of a UTI caused by bacteria that
contains urease. Urease breaks urea down to form ammonia which raises the pH of the
urine. This patient has a history of UTIs so this should be taken into consideration. This
patient does not require a procedure to remove the stone. Since it is less than 5 mm in
, diameter, the stone should pass on its own. The patient should be placed on antibiotics
to treat the UTI as well as medication for pain management.
Verified Rationale:
Alkaline urine (pH >7.0), in the context of recurrent UTIs, is most consistent with
struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate) stones. Urea-splitting bacteria (such as
Proteus) increase urinary pH, predisposing to this stone type. Small stones (<5 mm)
generally pass spontaneously; infection treatment and pain control are the mainstays.
---
5. The __________ has the largest impact on pH control.
Choose matching definition
- metabolic control mechanism
- buffering control mechanism
- renal control mechanism
- respiratory control mechanism
Answer: buffering control mechanism
Verified Rationale:
Buffering systems, particularly the bicarbonate buffer, act immediately to minimize
changes in blood pH, thus exerting the most rapid and direct effect on acid-base
homeostasis before respiratory or renal compensation mechanisms become active.
---
6. A patient with chronic kidney disease must undergo dialysis treatments as
they wait for transplantation. Give 1 reason peritoneal dialysis would be
