THE AICE Marine Final review Exam
Questions with Guaranteed Pass
Solutions.
Water molecule - Answer 2 hydrogen atoms (+), 1 oxygen atom(-)
make a molecule
hydrogen bond
Covalent bond - Answer sharing of electrons
allows outer shells to be full
hydrogen bond - Answer attracts h2o molecules due to difference in charges between the
positive hydrogen molecule and and negative oxygen molecule.
polar molecule - Answer a molecule in which one side of the molecule is slightly negative
and the opposite side is slightly positive
this is why water is fluid and clumps
bond formation - Answer nucleus in center contains neutrons and protons, electrons in
outer shell.
ionic bond - Answer transfer of electrons (stealing)
leads to oppositely charged atoms due to electron imbalance.
water states - Answer only substance naturally occurring in all three states
Particle theory method - Answer particles move faster at high temps
slower at low temps, only vibrate
gas particles are most spaced out
solid particles are connected
liquid are compacted and just sit
Water characteristics - Answer freezes at 32F, 0C
salty water has a slightly lower freezing point at -1.8C
Water evaporates at any temp above freezing, but faster rate at warmer temperatures.
,Seawater - Answer solution made up of many solutes dissolved in water
solute - Answer dissolves in solvent
(salt in saltwater)
solvent - Answer the substance in which the solute dissolves
Solubility - Answer The ability to dissolve in another substance
water is the universal solvent due to polarity
dissolved salts in water - Answer positive and negative charges of NACL are attracted to H2O
the water molecules pull the ionic bond between NACL apart, leaving the water surrounding
them.
Seawater salinity - Answer concentration of dissolved salts in seawater
measured in ppt (parts per thousand)
freshwater has 0 ppt
Brackish water is 0-30 ppt
Refractometer - Answer measures salinity in a water sample
Freshwater inputs - Answer decrease salinity
rainfall
ice melting
runoff from land
freshwater outputs - Answer increase salinity
evaporation
ice formation
Sea Surface Salinities (SSS) - Answer Tropical oceans - higher salinities due to increased
evaporation • however, salinity drops right near the equator due to increased cloud cover and
rainfall (precipitation > evaporation) -
Polar oceans - lower salinities due to slower rates of evaporation and melting ice
,Dissolved gases in seawater - Answer Carbon dioxide (CO2) is very soluble in seawater due to
its ability to use the H2O molecules to form carbonic acid (a weak acid)
Oxygen gas (O2) has a lower solubility, as it does not chemically combine with the H2O
The solubility of gases in seawater - Answer decreases with increasing temperature
decreases with increasing salinity
increases with increasing pressure
Cold water can dissolve more gas because faster-moving molecules result in more dissolved
gases escaping back into the atmosphere
Polar water contains more O2 and CO2 than tropical
Effects on dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations - Answer At the surface, producers (mostly
phytoplankton) take in CO2 and then release O2 during photosynthesis
O2 is taken up by animals and plants for respiration
O2 is also used by bacteria during the decomposition process
oxygen minimum layer - Answer Dissolved oxygen (DO) decreases with depth, where the
lowest O2 levels in the ocean occur
usually occurs around 500m
here there is no source of O2 but much O2 is being used for respiration
organisms living here must be adapted to survive low O2 (anoxic) conditions
below this layer, DO begins to increase with depth, due to
increased solubility
increased pressure
less respiration (fewer animals)
less decomposition
pH scale - Answer H is a measure of how acidic/basic water is
The pH of water determines the solubility
H2O can split into hydrogen ions (H+) and hydroxide ions (OH-)
In acids (pH less than 7), there are more free H+
In bases (pH above 7), there are more free OH-
Pure water has a pH of 7, at which OH- = H+
Ocean pH - Answer average pH of the oceans has historically been 8.2
, it has dropped to 8.1 due to increased CO2 in the atmosphere- this CO2 is absorbed into the
ocean, and combines with water to create carbonic acid, lowering ocean pH, a phenomenon
called ocean acidification
because the pH scale is logarithmic, this is actually a 25% drop in pH
water density - Answer When a liquid or gas is heated, the molecules move faster, bump into
each other, and spread apart
they then take up more space → they become less dense
density - Answer the relationship between the mass of the substance and how much space it
takes up (volume)
Substances with lower density will rise
Substances with higher density will sink
Density formula - Answer D=m/v
Ocean water density factors - Answer determined by temperature and salinity
Salty water contains more dissolved particles than freshwater, per area
The density of freshwater = 1 g/mL
The density of saltwater = 1.03 g/mL-salty water will sink below freshwater
Cold water is denser than water warm water-warm water will form a layer on top
Water pressure impacts on density - Answer In the water, pressure is added with increasing
depth this pressure pushes water molecules closer together, increasing the density
pynocline - Answer the region of the water column of rapid density increase
Sea ice - Answer The density of ice is lower than the density of water, this is why ice floats
The density of ice is about 90% that of water, which is why an iceberg (or ice cube) floats with
only 10% of it's area above water
Surface mixed layer - Answer the sun heats the surface waters and wave energy carries heat
downward-extends as deep as mixing reaches
Thermocline - Answer layer of rapid temperature decrease where heat energy is quickly lost
Questions with Guaranteed Pass
Solutions.
Water molecule - Answer 2 hydrogen atoms (+), 1 oxygen atom(-)
make a molecule
hydrogen bond
Covalent bond - Answer sharing of electrons
allows outer shells to be full
hydrogen bond - Answer attracts h2o molecules due to difference in charges between the
positive hydrogen molecule and and negative oxygen molecule.
polar molecule - Answer a molecule in which one side of the molecule is slightly negative
and the opposite side is slightly positive
this is why water is fluid and clumps
bond formation - Answer nucleus in center contains neutrons and protons, electrons in
outer shell.
ionic bond - Answer transfer of electrons (stealing)
leads to oppositely charged atoms due to electron imbalance.
water states - Answer only substance naturally occurring in all three states
Particle theory method - Answer particles move faster at high temps
slower at low temps, only vibrate
gas particles are most spaced out
solid particles are connected
liquid are compacted and just sit
Water characteristics - Answer freezes at 32F, 0C
salty water has a slightly lower freezing point at -1.8C
Water evaporates at any temp above freezing, but faster rate at warmer temperatures.
,Seawater - Answer solution made up of many solutes dissolved in water
solute - Answer dissolves in solvent
(salt in saltwater)
solvent - Answer the substance in which the solute dissolves
Solubility - Answer The ability to dissolve in another substance
water is the universal solvent due to polarity
dissolved salts in water - Answer positive and negative charges of NACL are attracted to H2O
the water molecules pull the ionic bond between NACL apart, leaving the water surrounding
them.
Seawater salinity - Answer concentration of dissolved salts in seawater
measured in ppt (parts per thousand)
freshwater has 0 ppt
Brackish water is 0-30 ppt
Refractometer - Answer measures salinity in a water sample
Freshwater inputs - Answer decrease salinity
rainfall
ice melting
runoff from land
freshwater outputs - Answer increase salinity
evaporation
ice formation
Sea Surface Salinities (SSS) - Answer Tropical oceans - higher salinities due to increased
evaporation • however, salinity drops right near the equator due to increased cloud cover and
rainfall (precipitation > evaporation) -
Polar oceans - lower salinities due to slower rates of evaporation and melting ice
,Dissolved gases in seawater - Answer Carbon dioxide (CO2) is very soluble in seawater due to
its ability to use the H2O molecules to form carbonic acid (a weak acid)
Oxygen gas (O2) has a lower solubility, as it does not chemically combine with the H2O
The solubility of gases in seawater - Answer decreases with increasing temperature
decreases with increasing salinity
increases with increasing pressure
Cold water can dissolve more gas because faster-moving molecules result in more dissolved
gases escaping back into the atmosphere
Polar water contains more O2 and CO2 than tropical
Effects on dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations - Answer At the surface, producers (mostly
phytoplankton) take in CO2 and then release O2 during photosynthesis
O2 is taken up by animals and plants for respiration
O2 is also used by bacteria during the decomposition process
oxygen minimum layer - Answer Dissolved oxygen (DO) decreases with depth, where the
lowest O2 levels in the ocean occur
usually occurs around 500m
here there is no source of O2 but much O2 is being used for respiration
organisms living here must be adapted to survive low O2 (anoxic) conditions
below this layer, DO begins to increase with depth, due to
increased solubility
increased pressure
less respiration (fewer animals)
less decomposition
pH scale - Answer H is a measure of how acidic/basic water is
The pH of water determines the solubility
H2O can split into hydrogen ions (H+) and hydroxide ions (OH-)
In acids (pH less than 7), there are more free H+
In bases (pH above 7), there are more free OH-
Pure water has a pH of 7, at which OH- = H+
Ocean pH - Answer average pH of the oceans has historically been 8.2
, it has dropped to 8.1 due to increased CO2 in the atmosphere- this CO2 is absorbed into the
ocean, and combines with water to create carbonic acid, lowering ocean pH, a phenomenon
called ocean acidification
because the pH scale is logarithmic, this is actually a 25% drop in pH
water density - Answer When a liquid or gas is heated, the molecules move faster, bump into
each other, and spread apart
they then take up more space → they become less dense
density - Answer the relationship between the mass of the substance and how much space it
takes up (volume)
Substances with lower density will rise
Substances with higher density will sink
Density formula - Answer D=m/v
Ocean water density factors - Answer determined by temperature and salinity
Salty water contains more dissolved particles than freshwater, per area
The density of freshwater = 1 g/mL
The density of saltwater = 1.03 g/mL-salty water will sink below freshwater
Cold water is denser than water warm water-warm water will form a layer on top
Water pressure impacts on density - Answer In the water, pressure is added with increasing
depth this pressure pushes water molecules closer together, increasing the density
pynocline - Answer the region of the water column of rapid density increase
Sea ice - Answer The density of ice is lower than the density of water, this is why ice floats
The density of ice is about 90% that of water, which is why an iceberg (or ice cube) floats with
only 10% of it's area above water
Surface mixed layer - Answer the sun heats the surface waters and wave energy carries heat
downward-extends as deep as mixing reaches
Thermocline - Answer layer of rapid temperature decrease where heat energy is quickly lost
