CORRECT WELL DETAILED ANSWERS|LATEST
CORRECT = 100
100
INCORRECT=0
STUDY MATERIALS.......DESIGNED TO HELP YOU SUCCEED
1
, SPOTLIGHT 1
100% CORRECT WELL DETAILED ANSWERS|LATEST
UPDATE!!!!!!2026|GUARANTEED PASS|GRADED
Who discovered the first antibiotic? - ANSWER Alexander Fleming in 1928
What is the leading cause of antibiotic resistance? - ANSWER Excessive and
inappropriate use of antibiotic agents.
What are risk factors for having a drug-resistant pathogen? - ANSWER The leading risk
factors include recent use of antibiotics, age younger than 2 or older than 65, day-care
center attendance, exposure to young children, multiple medical comorbidities, recent
hospitalization, and immunosuppression.
How many antibiotic classes are affected by bacterial resistance? - ANSWER Every
antibiotic class.
Penicillins - ANSWER are characterized chemically by the 6-aminopenicillanic acid
joined to the beta-lactam ring.
What are the four penicillin subclasses? - ANSWER (1) penicillinase-sensitive or natural
penicillins, (2) aminopenicillins, (3) penicillinase-resistant or anti-staphylococcal penicillins,
and (4) anti-pseudomonal or extended-spectrum penicillins.
How do penicillins hinder bacterial growth? - ANSWER by inhibiting the biosynthesis
of bacterial cell wall mucopeptide (also called murein or peptidoglycan).
2
, What do penicillins bind to? - ANSWER the cell wall during the terminal stages of cell
wall formation.
During what point are penicillins most effective? - ANSWER during active cellular
multiplication. Lower drug concentrations may result in bacteriostatic effects only.
What has reduced the breadth of organsims that penicillin can treat? -
ANSWER penicillinase-producing organisms.
What is the only natural penicillin commercially available? - ANSWER penicillin.
What is penicillin (naturally occurring type) active against? - ANSWER aerobic, gram-
positive organisms.
Name aminopenicillins. - ANSWER ampicillin and amoxicillan.
What are aminopenicillins active against? - ANSWER gram-positive organism, and
greater activity against gram-negative bacteria because of their enhanced ability to
penetrate the outer membrane of these organisms.
What causes clostridium difficile infection? - ANSWER use of broad-spectrum
penicillins, or prolonged or repeat therapy with any broad-spectrum antibacterial, may
result in bacterial or fungal overgrowth (i.e., superinfection) of non-susceptible organisms.
How does c-diff manifest? - ANSWER it is a superinfection that manifests as diarrhea
that may occur during therapy or up to several weeks after disontinuation of the antibiotic. It
may present with watery or bloody diarrhea, accompanied by severe abdominal cramps and
pain, fever, and pseudomembranous colitis.
3
CORRECT = 100
100
INCORRECT=0
STUDY MATERIALS.......DESIGNED TO HELP YOU SUCCEED
1
, SPOTLIGHT 1
100% CORRECT WELL DETAILED ANSWERS|LATEST
UPDATE!!!!!!2026|GUARANTEED PASS|GRADED
Who discovered the first antibiotic? - ANSWER Alexander Fleming in 1928
What is the leading cause of antibiotic resistance? - ANSWER Excessive and
inappropriate use of antibiotic agents.
What are risk factors for having a drug-resistant pathogen? - ANSWER The leading risk
factors include recent use of antibiotics, age younger than 2 or older than 65, day-care
center attendance, exposure to young children, multiple medical comorbidities, recent
hospitalization, and immunosuppression.
How many antibiotic classes are affected by bacterial resistance? - ANSWER Every
antibiotic class.
Penicillins - ANSWER are characterized chemically by the 6-aminopenicillanic acid
joined to the beta-lactam ring.
What are the four penicillin subclasses? - ANSWER (1) penicillinase-sensitive or natural
penicillins, (2) aminopenicillins, (3) penicillinase-resistant or anti-staphylococcal penicillins,
and (4) anti-pseudomonal or extended-spectrum penicillins.
How do penicillins hinder bacterial growth? - ANSWER by inhibiting the biosynthesis
of bacterial cell wall mucopeptide (also called murein or peptidoglycan).
2
, What do penicillins bind to? - ANSWER the cell wall during the terminal stages of cell
wall formation.
During what point are penicillins most effective? - ANSWER during active cellular
multiplication. Lower drug concentrations may result in bacteriostatic effects only.
What has reduced the breadth of organsims that penicillin can treat? -
ANSWER penicillinase-producing organisms.
What is the only natural penicillin commercially available? - ANSWER penicillin.
What is penicillin (naturally occurring type) active against? - ANSWER aerobic, gram-
positive organisms.
Name aminopenicillins. - ANSWER ampicillin and amoxicillan.
What are aminopenicillins active against? - ANSWER gram-positive organism, and
greater activity against gram-negative bacteria because of their enhanced ability to
penetrate the outer membrane of these organisms.
What causes clostridium difficile infection? - ANSWER use of broad-spectrum
penicillins, or prolonged or repeat therapy with any broad-spectrum antibacterial, may
result in bacterial or fungal overgrowth (i.e., superinfection) of non-susceptible organisms.
How does c-diff manifest? - ANSWER it is a superinfection that manifests as diarrhea
that may occur during therapy or up to several weeks after disontinuation of the antibiotic. It
may present with watery or bloody diarrhea, accompanied by severe abdominal cramps and
pain, fever, and pseudomembranous colitis.
3
