, NURS 530 Advanced Pathophysiology:
Chapter 1
2 major classes of cells
Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes
Eukaryote Examples
animal cells, plant cells, single-celled organisms, fungi and protozoa
Difference between Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes-found in multicellular organisms, larger, contain a nucleus and organelles.
Prokaryotes-single celled organisms, smaller, no nucleus, no organelles.
Prokaryote Example
Bacteria (Exs. E. Coli. and Rickettsiae), Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae), and Archaea
Differentiation AKA maturation
process through which cells become specialized
8 chief cellular functions
1. movement 2. conductivity 3. metabolic absorption 4. secretion 5. excretion 6. respiration 7.
reproduction 8. communication
3 parts of eukaryotic cell
plasma membrane, cytoplasm, organelles
nucleus primary functions
cell division and control of genetic information (also replication/repair/transcription of DNA)
Cytosol
fills 1/2 volume of eukaryotic cell (55%)
storage unit for fat, carbohydrate and secretory vesicles
cytosol
ribosomes
,provide sites for cellular protein synthesis
endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
membrane factory that specializes in the synthesis/transport of proteins/lipids
Rough ER
ribosomes and ribonucleoprotein particles are attached
ER 3D protein folding can be affected by:
viral infections, environmental toxins, mutant protein expression, cell stress, mutations and
random errors
Smooth ER
does NOT contain ribosomes or ribonucleoprotein particles. DOES contain enzymes involved in
steroid synthesis
Golgi Apparatus
network of flattened, smooth membranes where proteins from ER are processed and packaged
into secretory vesicles.
Golgi Complex
refining plant/directs traffic
Lysosomes
contains >40 digestive enzymes, function as intracellular digestive system
Pompe Disease
accumulation of glycogen in lysosomes
Lysosomal storage diseases
Pompe Disease, Tay-Sachs, Gout
Gout
undigested uric acid accumulates within lysosomes
autodigestion
as cells completed their life span and die, lysosomes digest the resultant cellular debris
peroxisomes
, contain reducing enzyme, catalase and some oxidases. Ex. decompose hydrogen peroxide or
oxidize fatty acids
mitochondria
energy production and cellular respiration.
Oxidative phosphorylation (occurs in Mitochondria)
generates most ATP
Vaults
ribonucleoproteins; "trucks" of cell, transporation
Cytoskeleton
"bones and muscles" ; maintains shape and internal organization; permits movement of
substances inside/outside of cell
Microtubules
small, hollow, cylindrical tubules made of protein; add strength to cell's structure; support and
movement of organelles within cytoplasm, transport impulses along nerve cells and aid in
immune responses/hormone secretion
centrioles
9 bundles containing 3 microtubules each
plasma membrane functions
structure, protection, activation of cell, transport, cell-to-cell interaction
NURS 530 Advanced Pathophysiology: Chapter 1
2 major classes of cells
Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes
Eukaryote Examples
animal cells, plant cells, single-celled organisms, fungi and protozoa
Difference between Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes-found in multicellular organisms, larger, contain a nucleus and organelles.
Prokaryotes-single celled organisms, smaller, no nucleus, no organelles.
Chapter 1
2 major classes of cells
Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes
Eukaryote Examples
animal cells, plant cells, single-celled organisms, fungi and protozoa
Difference between Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes-found in multicellular organisms, larger, contain a nucleus and organelles.
Prokaryotes-single celled organisms, smaller, no nucleus, no organelles.
Prokaryote Example
Bacteria (Exs. E. Coli. and Rickettsiae), Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae), and Archaea
Differentiation AKA maturation
process through which cells become specialized
8 chief cellular functions
1. movement 2. conductivity 3. metabolic absorption 4. secretion 5. excretion 6. respiration 7.
reproduction 8. communication
3 parts of eukaryotic cell
plasma membrane, cytoplasm, organelles
nucleus primary functions
cell division and control of genetic information (also replication/repair/transcription of DNA)
Cytosol
fills 1/2 volume of eukaryotic cell (55%)
storage unit for fat, carbohydrate and secretory vesicles
cytosol
ribosomes
,provide sites for cellular protein synthesis
endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
membrane factory that specializes in the synthesis/transport of proteins/lipids
Rough ER
ribosomes and ribonucleoprotein particles are attached
ER 3D protein folding can be affected by:
viral infections, environmental toxins, mutant protein expression, cell stress, mutations and
random errors
Smooth ER
does NOT contain ribosomes or ribonucleoprotein particles. DOES contain enzymes involved in
steroid synthesis
Golgi Apparatus
network of flattened, smooth membranes where proteins from ER are processed and packaged
into secretory vesicles.
Golgi Complex
refining plant/directs traffic
Lysosomes
contains >40 digestive enzymes, function as intracellular digestive system
Pompe Disease
accumulation of glycogen in lysosomes
Lysosomal storage diseases
Pompe Disease, Tay-Sachs, Gout
Gout
undigested uric acid accumulates within lysosomes
autodigestion
as cells completed their life span and die, lysosomes digest the resultant cellular debris
peroxisomes
, contain reducing enzyme, catalase and some oxidases. Ex. decompose hydrogen peroxide or
oxidize fatty acids
mitochondria
energy production and cellular respiration.
Oxidative phosphorylation (occurs in Mitochondria)
generates most ATP
Vaults
ribonucleoproteins; "trucks" of cell, transporation
Cytoskeleton
"bones and muscles" ; maintains shape and internal organization; permits movement of
substances inside/outside of cell
Microtubules
small, hollow, cylindrical tubules made of protein; add strength to cell's structure; support and
movement of organelles within cytoplasm, transport impulses along nerve cells and aid in
immune responses/hormone secretion
centrioles
9 bundles containing 3 microtubules each
plasma membrane functions
structure, protection, activation of cell, transport, cell-to-cell interaction
NURS 530 Advanced Pathophysiology: Chapter 1
2 major classes of cells
Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes
Eukaryote Examples
animal cells, plant cells, single-celled organisms, fungi and protozoa
Difference between Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes-found in multicellular organisms, larger, contain a nucleus and organelles.
Prokaryotes-single celled organisms, smaller, no nucleus, no organelles.
