Advanced Pathophysiology Course End Examination NR 507 2026

Advanced
Pathophysiology
Course End
Examination NR 507
2026

,area of the skin that is mainly supplied by branches of a single spinal sensory nerve root. These spinal sensory
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nerves enter the nerve root at the spinal cord, and their branches reach to the periphery of the body. - correct
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answer Dermatomes t




Acetylcholine- Excitatory or inhibitory- alzheimers t t t t t




Norepi- Excitatory or inhibitory- sleep/wake cycle, SYNS transmission
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Dopa- Excitatory (h1 and h2 receptors) and inhibitory (H3 receptors). parkinson disease - correct answer
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Substance release at the synapse t t t t




structural defect (degeneration, fracture, or developmental defect) in the pars interarticularis of the
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vertebral arch (the joining of the vertebral body to the posterior structures). The lumbar spine at L5 is affected
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most often.t




-Heredity

-Other congenital spinal defects - correct answer Spondylolysis
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Parietal lobe- major area for somatic sensory input, located along the postcentral gyrus. which is adjacent to
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the primary motor area in the precentral gyrus.
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Primary motor area (Brodmann area 4)- located along the precentral gyrus forming the primary voluntary
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motor area (homunculus) (little man).
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Association fibers provide communication between sensory and motor - correct answer motor and sensory
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areas of the brain
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ischemic but not infarcted (salvageable) tissue. Peri-infarct tissue.
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-no structural damage - correct answer Ischemic penumbra
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ischemic- white infarct (affected area is pale and soft 6-12 hours after). necrosis appears by 48 to 72 hours.
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, Infiltration of macrophages and phagocytosis of necrotic tissue. necrosis resolves around the 2nd week. glial
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scarring. - correct answer Cerebral infarction
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Toxins (usually amino acids) that overstimulate glutamate release and cause neuron suicide. - correct answer
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excitotoxins



the inability to recognize familiar objects.
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-tactile/spatial-parietal lobe t




-Gerstmann syndrome (loss of spatial orientation of fingers, body, sides and #s)- L angular gyrus (Parieral)
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-Object- Temporo-occipital area t t




-Associated with CVAs - correct answer Agnosia t t t t t t




Bleeding into the subarachnoid space, where the cerebrospinal fluid circulates.
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-ruptured intracranial aneurysm/trauma t t




-IICP/irritates meningeal tissues/produces inflammation, blood coats nerve roots, impairs CSF circulation
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-compensatory increase in SBP - correct answer Subarachnoid hemorrhage t t t t t t t t




Bacterial- Meningococcus and S. pneumococcus bacteria are most common
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Viral- Specific pathogen cannot be found in CSF - correct answer Meningitis
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-Eat a low fat diet
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- Slow growing cancer so DRE and PSA testing prevents - correct answer Prostate cancer prevention
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- Chronic inflammation
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-Bladder outflow obstruction t t




-Urge to pee often
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-delay in starting stream
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