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Nederlandse samenvatting European Societies (14/20 ZIT1)

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Samenvatting van de slides en lesnotities + een begrippenlijst in het Nederlands UA_1300PSWESO_2425 Sarah Marchal & Ive Marx Persoonlijk examenpunt: 14/20 ZIT1

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European Socie-es



European Societies
Inhoudsopgave

1 The European project: some of the good, the bad and the ugly .............................................................. 4
1.1 Introduc+on .......................................................................................................................................... 4
1.2 A short history of the project called the European Union..................................................................... 4
1.2.1 De oorsprong van de Europese Unie na de Tweede Wereldoorlog ................................................. 5
1.2.2 Uitbreiding in de jaren 70 en 80 ...................................................................................................... 7
1.2.3 Uitbreidingen in de jaren 90 en 2000 .............................................................................................. 8
1.3 What has it brought us? ....................................................................................................................... 9
1.4 But of course, not all is well… ............................................................................................................. 10
1.5 A fundamental and ul+mately perhaps fatal design flaw in the current European Union? ............... 10
1.6 Economic and other diversity in Europe ............................................................................................. 11
1.7 Ins+tu+onal and policy diversity ........................................................................................................ 11
1.8 Solidarity within Europe ..................................................................................................................... 11

2 The European project as an economic project: fundamental flaws? ..................................................... 12
2.1 Inleiding .............................................................................................................................................. 13
2.2 Poten+al benefits of a single European market.................................................................................. 14
2.3 Poten+al disadvantages of a single European market ....................................................................... 16
2.4 The EURO............................................................................................................................................ 16
2.4.1 Voordelen en nadelen van een gemeenschappelijke munt (de euro) ........................................... 17
2.4.2 OpJmal Currency Area (OCA) ........................................................................................................ 18
2.4.3 The Eurozone has very diverse economies .................................................................................... 20
2.5 Waren de cri+ci van de eurozone terecht? De casus Griekenland ...................................................... 22
2.6 Voorbeeld examenvragen ................................................................................................................... 24

3 United in diversity: the European welfare states .................................................................................. 24
3.1 Inleiding .............................................................................................................................................. 25
3.2 Na+onal welfare states ...................................................................................................................... 25
3.3 Varia+on in European welfare states: principles, efforts, outcomes and efficiency ........................... 26
3.3.1 Different welfare regimes in Europe .............................................................................................. 26
3.3.2 Different social security systems, with different implicaJons for redistribuJon and solidarity .... 28
3.3.3 VariaJon in economic situaJon ..................................................................................................... 29
3.3.4 Varying efforts ............................................................................................................................... 29
3.3.5 Varying outcomes .......................................................................................................................... 30
3.3.6 Variërende effecJviteit en efficiënJe ............................................................................................ 34
3.4 Convergence or divergence ................................................................................................................ 35
3.4.1 Convergence concept .................................................................................................................... 35
3.4.2 Trends in convergenJe en divergenJe .......................................................................................... 36
3.4.3 Impact of poverty definiJon .......................................................................................................... 37
3.5 A need for a Social Europe? ................................................................................................................ 38
3.6 How to study this? .............................................................................................................................. 38


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, European Socie-es

4 Social policy making in the EU .............................................................................................................. 39
4.1 Introduc+on: policy-making ins+tu+ons in the EU ............................................................................. 40
4.2 Sociale doelstellingen in de EU-verdragen ......................................................................................... 44
4.2.1 Sociale doelstellingen: wel aanwezig, maar zwakke bevoegdheden ............................................. 44
4.2.2 Treaty of Lisbon (TEU).................................................................................................................... 45
4.2.3 Gevolgen voor sociaal beleid in de EU........................................................................................... 46
4.3 Back to the roots: why social subsidiarity?......................................................................................... 47
4.3.1 EU sociale subsidiariteit vs. VS sociaal federalisme ....................................................................... 49
4.4 Taking stock: the social acquis............................................................................................................ 51
4.4.1 Binding provisions, zooming in on the binding social acquis......................................................... 52
4.4.2 Social protecJon for EU ciJzens on the move ............................................................................... 54
4.5 How to study this? .............................................................................................................................. 56

5 MigraIe ............................................................................................................................................... 56
5.1 Inleiding .............................................................................................................................................. 57
5.2 De realiteit van intra-EU mobiliteit..................................................................................................... 58
5.3 Het migra+elandschap van Europa verandert ................................................................................... 64
5.4 Feiten .................................................................................................................................................. 66
5.5 Wat mo+veert bedrijven om detachering te gebruiken? .................................................................... 67

6 The creeping socializaIon of the EU ..................................................................................................... 71
6.1 Inleiding .............................................................................................................................................. 73
6.2 The Founding Fathers: social subsidiarity and the Treaty of Rome (1957 – 1970): social goals as
deriva+ve to the common market .................................................................................................................... 74
6.3 Towards free-standing social goals (1970 – 2000) ............................................................................. 76
6.3.1 TentaJve first steps........................................................................................................................ 76
6.3.2 Treaty of Amsterdam and Lisbon Treaty ........................................................................................ 77
6.4 The policy conundrum (het beleidsdilemma) ..................................................................................... 78
6.5 A first afempt: governing by numbers: the social convergence strategy .......................................... 79
6.5.1 The Lisbon Agenda (2000 - 2010) .................................................................................................. 80
6.5.2 The Europe 2020 Strategy (2010 – 2020) ...................................................................................... 81
6.6 A paradigm shig? The European Pillar of Social Rights ...................................................................... 83
6.7 Implemen+ng the European pillar of social rights (EPSR) .................................................................. 85
6.8 Which role for Europe? An outlook for the future .............................................................................. 86
6.9 Kri+ek en uitdagingen bij de implementa+e van de EPSR .................................................................. 88
6.10 How to study this? .............................................................................................................................. 89

7 Andrea Sangiovanni – Waarom Europa?............................................................................................... 90
7.1 Inleiding .............................................................................................................................................. 90
7.2 Achtergrond ....................................................................................................................................... 90
7.3 Vrijheid van vereniging? ..................................................................................................................... 90
7.4 Uitslui+ng alleen voor Europeanen: discrimina+e? ............................................................................ 90
7.5 Discrimina+e: achtergrond ................................................................................................................. 91
7.6 De sociale betekenis van de uitslui+ngsregel ‘alleen voor Europeanen’............................................. 91



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, European Socie-es

7.7 Is de EU als religieuze organisa+e of als universiteit/bedrijf? ............................................................ 92
7.8 Herinneringen aan oorlog? Verlangen naar vrede? ........................................................................... 92
7.9 Instrumentele overwegingen? ............................................................................................................ 92
7.10 En de Kopenhagencriteria?................................................................................................................. 92

8 Solidariteit binnen het migraIedomein ................................................................................................ 93
8.1 Solidariteit: hoe komt het tot ui+ng in het migra+edomein? ............................................................. 93
8.2 Hoe is het begrepen? .......................................................................................................................... 93
8.3 Hoe is het belichaamd, vertaald naar beleid en prak+jk? .................................................................. 93
8.4 Solidariteit: hoe komt het vandaag tot ui+ng binnen de Europese ruimte? ....................................... 94
8.5 Nood aan nieuwe narra+even… ......................................................................................................... 95

9 Study help for the guest lecture by Andrea Sangiovanni & Hanne Beirens ............................................ 96




3

, ES



1 The European project: some of the good, the bad and
the ugly
1.1 Introduc+on
In deze les staan we s-l bij de oorsprong en de ontwikkeling van het Europese
integra-eproject.

We proberen inzicht te krijgen in:
• Hoe het project van de Europese Unie is ontstaan: Wat waren de historische
omstandigheden en mo-even achter de oprich-ng van de EU?
• Wat de belangrijkste verwezenlijkingen zijn geweest: Welke concrete resultaten heeF
de EU geboekt op poli-ek, economisch en sociaal vlak?
• Wat de grote uitdagingen zijn waar de EU vandaag mee geconfronteerd wordt: Denk
aan migra-e, democra-sch deficit, economische ongelijkheid tussen lidstaten,
enzovoort.
• Centrale vraag van vandaag: Is er een fundamenteel ontwerpfout in het project van
de Europese Unie? Zit er iets structureel fout in hoe de EU is opgebouwd of
func-oneert, dat haar belemmert om effec-ef te zijn?

1.2 A short history of the project called the European Union

De gedachte om Europa te verenigen is niet nieuw. In het verleden zijn grote delen van
Europa al eerder onder één gezag gebracht.

Voorbeelden van zulke historische eenheden, imperia zijn:
• Het Romeinse Rijk, dat grote delen van Europa, Noord-Afrika en het Midden-Oosten
omvaVe.
• Het Byzan-jnse Rijk, dat het oostelijke deel van het Romeinse Rijk voortzeVe.
• Het Frankische Rijk, dat onder Karel de Grote een groot deel van West-Europa
verenigde.
• Het Heilige Roomse Rijk, een losse confedera-e van gebieden in Centraal-Europa.
• Het OVomaanse Rijk, dat Zuidoost-Europa eeuwenlang domineerde.
• Het Eerste Franse Keizerrijk onder Napoleon, dat via militaire campagnes grote delen
van Europa onder controle bracht.
• Nazi-Duitsland, dat -jdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog grote delen van Europa bezeVe.

Hoewel deze rijken Europa -jdelijk verenigden, gebeurde dit meestal via oorlog en
onderdrukking.

Daarnaast waren er ook meer vreedzame vormen van eenmaking, zoals:
• Dynas-eke unies, waarbij koninkrijken via huwelijken en erfopvolging werden
samengebracht.
• Staatkundige unies (country-level unions), zoals het Pools-Litouwse Gemenebest en
het Oostenrijks-Hongaarse Rijk, waarin meerdere volkeren en regio’s onder één
poli-ek systeem samenleefden.


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