WGU D236 Pathophysiology Actual Comprehensive Study Guide Exam 2026

WGU D236 Pathophysiology Actual Comprehensive Study Guide Exam 2026 Ph scale - scale with values from 0 to 14, - used to measure the concentration of H+ ions in a solution - a ph of 0-7 is acidic, a ph of 7 is neutral,a ph of 7-14 is basic - the more H+ the lower the ph; the less H+ the higher ph What are different types of acidosis in the body? - Diabetic ketoacidosis - Lactic Acidosis Anion Gap Difference between the concentrations of serum cations and anions: determined by measuring the concentrations of sodium cations and chloride and bicarbonate anions. Increasing anion gap Increasing Acidity Decreasing anion gap Increasing Alkalosis What levels are Metabolic Alkalosis? Increased ph and increased CO2 What levels are Metabolic Acidosis? Decreased ph and decreased CO2 What levels are Respiratory Alkalosis? Increased ph and decreased CO2 What levels are Respiratory Acidosis? Decreased ph and increased CO2 RAAS system WGU D236 WGU D236 Renin-Angiotension-Aldosterone System Complex mulit-organ endocrine (hormone) system regulating blood pressure by balancing fluids and electrolytes levels Electrolytes Minerals that help maintain the body's fluid balance Sodium (Na+) Potassium (K+) Phosphorus (PO4-) Calcium (Ca+) Arterial blood gases (abgs) Blood ph: 7.35 to 7.45 PCO2: 35 to 45 mm Hg PO2: 90 to 100 mm Hg HCO3-: 22 to 26 meq/L sao2 (saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen): 95% to 100% Buffer A solution that minimizes changes in ph when extraneous acids or bases are added to the solution. Ex. Proteins, phosphates, and carbonic acid-bicarbonate system Infection Contamination or invasion of body tissue by pathogenic organisms Innate immune system A collection of nonspecific barriers and cellular responses that serve as an inborn first and second line of defense against pathogens Adaptive immune system Respond to specific antigens; Responds by remembering signature molecules, called antigens, from pathogens to which the body has previously been exposed Humoral immunity B cells produce antibodies after exposure to specific antigens; type of adaptive immunity WGU D236 WGU D236 Compliment system Complex series of proteins circulating in blood that work to facilitate phagocytosis. Hypertrophy Excessive development Edema Abnormal accumulation of fluid in interstitial spaces of tissues. What is an antimicrobial peptide? -Secreted by hemocytes; inactivate or kill fungi and bacteria -A chain of amino acids produced by cells in response to pathogenic exposure Physiological hypertrophy -the enlarged muscle is adequately perfused and supplied with blood flow, oxygen, and nutrients because of angiogenesis - normal, reversible Pathological hypertrophy -occurs when there is an increase in cellular size without an increase in the supportive structures necessary for the enlarged cell's increased metabolic needs - irreversible Metaplasia Mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type Atrophy (n.) The wasting away of a body organ or tissue; any progressive decline or failure; (v.) To waste away What disorders primarily affect european jews? Crohn's disease and Tay Sachs Disease Tay-Sachs disease A human genetic disease caused by a recessive allele that leads to the accumulation of certain lipids in the brain. Seizures, blindness, and degeneration of motor and mental performance usually become manifest a few months after birth. Osteoarthritis - Mechanical wear and tear - Inflammation of bone and joints (actually degeneration of joint tissue). WGU D236 WGU D236 - The most commonly affected joints are the knee, hip, hand, and proximal interphalangeal and distal interphalangeal joints. - Heberden's and Bouchard's nodes Rheumatoid arthritis - A chronic systemic disease characterized by inflammation of the joints, stiffness, pain, and swelling that results in crippling deformities - Affects small joints - Synovial inflammation leads to thickening of the tissue and can result