PHYSICAL ASSESSMENT FINAL
COMPREHENSIVE TEST 2026 FULL ANSWERS
REVIEW GRADED A+
◉ Deep Leg Veins. Answer: Femoral and popliteal veins that carry
90% of venous return from the legs.
◉ Superficial Veins. Answer: Great and small saphenous veins
located near the skin.
◉ Perforator Veins. Answer: Connect superficial and deep veins and
contain one-way valves.
◉ Venous Return Mechanisms. Answer: Accomplished through one-
way valves, muscle contraction, and pressure changes from
breathing.
◉ Lymphatic System. Answer: Network of vessels and nodes that
drain excess fluid and proteins from tissues into venous circulation.
◉ Edema Prevention. Answer: Lymphatics help prevent fluid
accumulation in tissues.
,◉ Lymph Nodes Function. Answer: Filter lymph and remove
pathogens.
◉ Right Lymphatic Duct. Answer: Drains right arm, right chest, and
right side of head.
◉ Thoracic Duct. Answer: Drains the rest of the body.
◉ Superficial Lymph Nodes. Answer: Includes axillary, epitrochlear,
and superficial inguinal nodes.
◉ Venous Insufficiency Prevalence. Answer: More common in White
women; lowest in African Americans.
◉ Varicose Veins. Answer: Less prevalent in people of African
descent compared to Caucasians.
◉ Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) Prevalence. Answer: More
common in African Americans; lowest in Asian Americans.
◉ PAD Symptoms in Older Adults. Answer: May lack classic
claudication but report coldness, numbness, or color changes.
,◉ Lymph Node Changes with Age. Answer: Lymphatic tissue
decreases, leading to fewer and smaller nodes.
◉ Leg Hair Loss. Answer: Common with aging and not necessarily
arterial insufficiency.
◉ Varicosities. Answer: Common in older adults.
◉ Capillary Refill. Answer: Normal refill time is less than 2 seconds
when assessing nail beds.
◉ Edema Inspection. Answer: Check for swelling in arms and legs;
note symmetry.
◉ Pulse Palpation. Answer: Assess radial, ulnar, popliteal, femoral,
posterior tibial, dorsalis pedis pulses.
◉ Varicosity Inspection. Answer: Look for visible bulging veins; may
indicate venous insufficiency.
◉ Allen Test. Answer: Assesses ulnar and radial artery patency by
occluding both and watching for refill.
, ◉ Epitrochlear Node Palpation. Answer: Checks for infection or
generalized lymphadenopathy.
◉ Inguinal Node Palpation. Answer: Assesses lower extremity
drainage.
◉ Orthostatic Hypotension Test. Answer: Measures BP and HR when
changing positions to assess volume or autonomic issues.
◉ Trendelenburg Test. Answer: Evaluates valve competency in
varicose veins.
◉ PAD Definition. Answer: Narrowing or blockage of arteries,
reducing blood flow to limbs.
◉ PAD Symptoms. Answer: Intermittent claudication, leg numbness,
weak pulses, color change, nonhealing sores, shiny skin, hair loss.
◉ Ischemic Rest Pain. Answer: Severe PAD pain occurring at rest or
at night; relieved by dangling legs.
◉ PAD Risk Factors. Answer: Smoking, diabetes, high cholesterol,
hypertension, obesity, advancing age, family history.
COMPREHENSIVE TEST 2026 FULL ANSWERS
REVIEW GRADED A+
◉ Deep Leg Veins. Answer: Femoral and popliteal veins that carry
90% of venous return from the legs.
◉ Superficial Veins. Answer: Great and small saphenous veins
located near the skin.
◉ Perforator Veins. Answer: Connect superficial and deep veins and
contain one-way valves.
◉ Venous Return Mechanisms. Answer: Accomplished through one-
way valves, muscle contraction, and pressure changes from
breathing.
◉ Lymphatic System. Answer: Network of vessels and nodes that
drain excess fluid and proteins from tissues into venous circulation.
◉ Edema Prevention. Answer: Lymphatics help prevent fluid
accumulation in tissues.
,◉ Lymph Nodes Function. Answer: Filter lymph and remove
pathogens.
◉ Right Lymphatic Duct. Answer: Drains right arm, right chest, and
right side of head.
◉ Thoracic Duct. Answer: Drains the rest of the body.
◉ Superficial Lymph Nodes. Answer: Includes axillary, epitrochlear,
and superficial inguinal nodes.
◉ Venous Insufficiency Prevalence. Answer: More common in White
women; lowest in African Americans.
◉ Varicose Veins. Answer: Less prevalent in people of African
descent compared to Caucasians.
◉ Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) Prevalence. Answer: More
common in African Americans; lowest in Asian Americans.
◉ PAD Symptoms in Older Adults. Answer: May lack classic
claudication but report coldness, numbness, or color changes.
,◉ Lymph Node Changes with Age. Answer: Lymphatic tissue
decreases, leading to fewer and smaller nodes.
◉ Leg Hair Loss. Answer: Common with aging and not necessarily
arterial insufficiency.
◉ Varicosities. Answer: Common in older adults.
◉ Capillary Refill. Answer: Normal refill time is less than 2 seconds
when assessing nail beds.
◉ Edema Inspection. Answer: Check for swelling in arms and legs;
note symmetry.
◉ Pulse Palpation. Answer: Assess radial, ulnar, popliteal, femoral,
posterior tibial, dorsalis pedis pulses.
◉ Varicosity Inspection. Answer: Look for visible bulging veins; may
indicate venous insufficiency.
◉ Allen Test. Answer: Assesses ulnar and radial artery patency by
occluding both and watching for refill.
, ◉ Epitrochlear Node Palpation. Answer: Checks for infection or
generalized lymphadenopathy.
◉ Inguinal Node Palpation. Answer: Assesses lower extremity
drainage.
◉ Orthostatic Hypotension Test. Answer: Measures BP and HR when
changing positions to assess volume or autonomic issues.
◉ Trendelenburg Test. Answer: Evaluates valve competency in
varicose veins.
◉ PAD Definition. Answer: Narrowing or blockage of arteries,
reducing blood flow to limbs.
◉ PAD Symptoms. Answer: Intermittent claudication, leg numbness,
weak pulses, color change, nonhealing sores, shiny skin, hair loss.
◉ Ischemic Rest Pain. Answer: Severe PAD pain occurring at rest or
at night; relieved by dangling legs.
◉ PAD Risk Factors. Answer: Smoking, diabetes, high cholesterol,
hypertension, obesity, advancing age, family history.
