FUNDAMENTALS OF ANATOMY AND
PHYSIOLOGY
12TH EDITION
• AUTHOR(S)FREDERIC H. MARTINI;
JUDI L. NATH; EDWIN F.
BARTHOLOMEW
TEST BANK
MCQ 1
Reference
Ch. 1 — Levels of Organization — Structure and Function
Question Stem
A researcher observes that disruption of membrane-bound
organelles in a cell leads to loss of coordinated metabolic
activity. This observation highlights a foundational principle
emphasized early in anatomy and physiology. Which
,interpretation best explains why cellular organization is critical
for organismal function?
Options
A. Specialized organelles increase cellular size, enhancing
diffusion efficiency
B. Compartmentalization allows simultaneous, regulated
biochemical processes
C. Cellular complexity reduces the need for higher levels of
organization
D. Organelles primarily exist to protect genetic material from
damage
Correct Answer
B
Rationale — Correct Option
Compartmentalization within cells allows different biochemical
processes to occur simultaneously without interference,
increasing efficiency and regulation. Membrane-bound
organelles create distinct microenvironments necessary for
metabolic control. This organization directly supports the
structure–function principle central to A&P. Loss of this
organization disrupts homeostasis at higher levels.
Rationale — Incorrect Options
• A: Increased size generally impairs diffusion; organization
enhances efficiency, not size.
, • C: Cellular complexity increases dependence on higher
organizational levels, not reduces it.
• D: While some organelles protect DNA, this is not their
primary unifying function.
Teaching Point
Cellular compartmentalization enables regulated metabolism
essential for higher-level homeostasis.
Citation
Martini, F. H., Nath, J. L., & Bartholomew, E. F. (2024).
Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology (12th ed.). Ch. 1.
MCQ 2
Reference
Ch. 1 — Levels of Organization — Integration Across Levels
Question Stem
Damage to connective tissue disrupts mechanical support and
chemical signaling between organs. Which conclusion best
reflects how levels of organization are functionally
interdependent?
Options
A. Tissue-level damage affects only localized anatomical
structures
B. Organ systems operate independently once fully developed
C. Disruption at one level can impair function at multiple higher
, levels
D. Cellular repair mechanisms fully compensate for tissue-level
failure
Correct Answer
C
Rationale — Correct Option
Levels of organization are hierarchically integrated, meaning
dysfunction at one level propagates upward. Tissue damage
compromises organ performance and system integration. This
interdependence is a core concept introduced in Chapter 1.
Structure–function relationships extend across all organizational
levels.
Rationale — Incorrect Options
• A: Tissue damage often has systemic consequences.
• B: Organ systems rely on constant integration.
• D: Cellular repair has limits and cannot fully restore higher-
level function alone.
Teaching Point
Higher levels of organization depend on integrity of lower
levels.
Citation
Martini et al. (2024). Ch. 1.
MCQ 3
PHYSIOLOGY
12TH EDITION
• AUTHOR(S)FREDERIC H. MARTINI;
JUDI L. NATH; EDWIN F.
BARTHOLOMEW
TEST BANK
MCQ 1
Reference
Ch. 1 — Levels of Organization — Structure and Function
Question Stem
A researcher observes that disruption of membrane-bound
organelles in a cell leads to loss of coordinated metabolic
activity. This observation highlights a foundational principle
emphasized early in anatomy and physiology. Which
,interpretation best explains why cellular organization is critical
for organismal function?
Options
A. Specialized organelles increase cellular size, enhancing
diffusion efficiency
B. Compartmentalization allows simultaneous, regulated
biochemical processes
C. Cellular complexity reduces the need for higher levels of
organization
D. Organelles primarily exist to protect genetic material from
damage
Correct Answer
B
Rationale — Correct Option
Compartmentalization within cells allows different biochemical
processes to occur simultaneously without interference,
increasing efficiency and regulation. Membrane-bound
organelles create distinct microenvironments necessary for
metabolic control. This organization directly supports the
structure–function principle central to A&P. Loss of this
organization disrupts homeostasis at higher levels.
Rationale — Incorrect Options
• A: Increased size generally impairs diffusion; organization
enhances efficiency, not size.
, • C: Cellular complexity increases dependence on higher
organizational levels, not reduces it.
• D: While some organelles protect DNA, this is not their
primary unifying function.
Teaching Point
Cellular compartmentalization enables regulated metabolism
essential for higher-level homeostasis.
Citation
Martini, F. H., Nath, J. L., & Bartholomew, E. F. (2024).
Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology (12th ed.). Ch. 1.
MCQ 2
Reference
Ch. 1 — Levels of Organization — Integration Across Levels
Question Stem
Damage to connective tissue disrupts mechanical support and
chemical signaling between organs. Which conclusion best
reflects how levels of organization are functionally
interdependent?
Options
A. Tissue-level damage affects only localized anatomical
structures
B. Organ systems operate independently once fully developed
C. Disruption at one level can impair function at multiple higher
, levels
D. Cellular repair mechanisms fully compensate for tissue-level
failure
Correct Answer
C
Rationale — Correct Option
Levels of organization are hierarchically integrated, meaning
dysfunction at one level propagates upward. Tissue damage
compromises organ performance and system integration. This
interdependence is a core concept introduced in Chapter 1.
Structure–function relationships extend across all organizational
levels.
Rationale — Incorrect Options
• A: Tissue damage often has systemic consequences.
• B: Organ systems rely on constant integration.
• D: Cellular repair has limits and cannot fully restore higher-
level function alone.
Teaching Point
Higher levels of organization depend on integrity of lower
levels.
Citation
Martini et al. (2024). Ch. 1.
MCQ 3
