Comprehensive Biology 2030 Course Final Practice Questions and Answers 2026.doc

Comprehensive Biology
2030 Course Final
Practice Questions and
Answers 2026

,Chromosome rearrangment - correct answerChange in structure of individual chromosomes k k k k k k k k k




Variation in chromosome numbers - correct answerChanges in the number of chromosomes. one or more
k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k




individual chromosomes are added or deleted k k k k k




4 types of chromosome rearrangements - correct answerDeletions, duplications, inversions and
k k k k k k k k k k k




translocation



Deletion chromosomal rearrangement - correct answerLoss of genetic information in a chromosome by
k k k k k k k k k k k k k




losing a segment of the chromosome either internal or terminal
k k k k k k k k k




Deletion detection - correct answerDetected during meiosis when regular homologous chromosome created
k k k k k k k k k k k




a deletion loop so the rest of the chromosomes can match up
k k k k k k k k k k k k




Acentric chromosome - correct answera chromosome having no centromere due to a deletion at the
k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k




centromere



pseudodominance - correct answerDeletion of the dominant allele causing the recessive allele phenotype to k k k k k k k k k k k k k k




be expressed
k




What can deletions casue - correct answeracentric chromosomes, pseudodominance and phenotypic
k k k k k k k k k k k




consequences



gene dosage - correct answerThe number of copies of a gene
k k k k k k k k k k




Haploinsufficiency - correct answerFor proteins that need two genes to be functional. When one gene is k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k




deleted it results in a mutant phenotype like less protein being made
k k k k k k k k k k k




Cri du char - correct answerchromosome 5 deletion causing a genetic disorder since gene dosage is effected
k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k




Duplications - correct answerRepetition of a chromosomal segment k k k k k k k

, Duplication effect on phenotype - correct answerSince nothing has been lost there is little genetic variability
k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k




but can cause an unbalanced dosage with a few extra proteins being made
k k k k k k k k k k k k




What causes duplication - correct answerUnequal crossing over of misaligned chromosomes during meiosis
k k k k k k k k k k k k




How to detect duplication - correct answerDuplicated chromosome forms a loop which can be detected
k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k




(opposite to deletion) k k




Duplication (2 same copies) - correct answerRedundancy and may alter gene dosage
k k k k k k k k k k k




Duplication (1 inactive copie) - correct answerPseudogene (gene that was active becomes inactive due to stop
k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k




mutation)



Duplication (1 different copy) - correct answerOne copy acquires a new function (neofunctionalization). Since
k k k k k k k k k k k k k k




gene is not needed it can develop a new function
k k k k k k k k k




Neofunctionalization - correct answerduplicated genes diverge and one copy takes on new function k k k k k k k k k k k k




How can gene dosage affect phenotype - correct answerExtra genes can cause extra proteins (gene and
k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k




proteins are proportional) which can effect protein amounts
k k k k k k k




Inversion chromosomal rearrangements - correct answerTwo breaks in a chromosome segment and a
k k k k k k k k k k k k k




reinsertion of the flipped segment k k k k




Effect of Inversion of chromosome - correct answerOften none but sometimes affects phenotype
k k k k k k k k k k k k




Position effects - correct answerChange sin position of genes can alter expression or genes near chromatin
k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k




might not be expressed
k k k




Pericentric inversion - correct answerinversion that includes the centromere
k k k k k k k k