BSC 2085 LATEST 2026 TEST PAPER QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔What are Interneurons responsible for? - ✔✔Distribution of sensory information
Coordination of motor activity
✔✔What higher functions are Interneurons involved in? - ✔✔Memory, planning,
learning
✔✔Neuroglia - ✔✔Half the volume of the nervous system
Many types of neuroglia in CNS and PNS
✔✔Four Types of Neuroglia in the CNS - ✔✔1. Ependymal cells
2. Astrocytes
3. Oligodendrocytes
4. Microglia
✔✔Ependymal cells - ✔✔Cells with highly branched processes; contact neuroglia
directly
✔✔Astrocytes - ✔✔Large cell bodies with many processes
✔✔Oligodendrocytes - ✔✔Smaller cell bodies with fewer processes
✔✔Microglia - ✔✔Smallest and least numerous neuroglia with many fine-branched
processes
✔✔Ependymal Cells - ✔✔Form epithelium called ependyma
Lacks basement membrane
Line central canal of spinal cord and ventricles of brain
Secrete cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) - Fills passageways of brain and spinal cord
Have cilia or microvilli that circulate CSF
Monitor CSF
Contain stem cells for repair
May divide and differentiate into more neurons, unknown regulatory mechanism
✔✔Astrocytes - ✔✔largest, most numerous neuroglia
Maintain blood-brain barrier (isolates CNS)
Solutes in blood fluid do not have free access to interstitial fluid of CNS
Astrocytes regulate flow of material from capillary, secrete chemicals that alter
permeability of capillary endothelial cells in CNS
Create three-dimensional framework for CNS
, Repair damaged neural tissue
Guide neuron development and interconnections
Control interstitial environment (fluid) -K+, Na+, CO2, nutrients, recycling
neurotransmitters, enhance/supress communication between neurons
✔✔What repairs damaged neural tissue? - ✔✔Astrocytes
✔✔Oligodendrocytes - ✔✔produces myelin and wraps axons of some CNS neurons
✔✔Myelination - ✔✔Myelin insulates myelinated axons
Increases speed of action potentials
Makes nerves appear white
✔✔Internodes - ✔✔Areas of axon covered by myelin
Insulates axon from outside environment
✔✔Nodes of Ranvier - ✔✔space between internodes where axon is exposed to
extracellular fluid
✔✔White Matter - ✔✔Regions of CNS with many myelinated nerves/axons
Appears white because of myelin
✔✔Grey Matter - ✔✔Unmyelinated areas of CNS
Neuronal cell bodies, dendrites and unmyelinated axons
✔✔Microglia - ✔✔- Least numerous and smallest neuroglia
Migrate through neural tissue
Phagocytic cells that clean up cellular debris, waste products, and pathogens
✔✔Where do Microglia originate? - ✔✔Originate from stem cells related to stem cells
that produce monocytes and macrophages
✔✔Ganglia - ✔✔Masses of neuron cell bodies
Surrounded by neuroglia
Found in the PNS
✔✔Neuroglia of the Peripheral Nervous System - ✔✔1. Satellite cells
2. Schwann cells
✔✔Satellite cells - ✔✔Also called amphicytes
Surround ganglia
ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔What are Interneurons responsible for? - ✔✔Distribution of sensory information
Coordination of motor activity
✔✔What higher functions are Interneurons involved in? - ✔✔Memory, planning,
learning
✔✔Neuroglia - ✔✔Half the volume of the nervous system
Many types of neuroglia in CNS and PNS
✔✔Four Types of Neuroglia in the CNS - ✔✔1. Ependymal cells
2. Astrocytes
3. Oligodendrocytes
4. Microglia
✔✔Ependymal cells - ✔✔Cells with highly branched processes; contact neuroglia
directly
✔✔Astrocytes - ✔✔Large cell bodies with many processes
✔✔Oligodendrocytes - ✔✔Smaller cell bodies with fewer processes
✔✔Microglia - ✔✔Smallest and least numerous neuroglia with many fine-branched
processes
✔✔Ependymal Cells - ✔✔Form epithelium called ependyma
Lacks basement membrane
Line central canal of spinal cord and ventricles of brain
Secrete cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) - Fills passageways of brain and spinal cord
Have cilia or microvilli that circulate CSF
Monitor CSF
Contain stem cells for repair
May divide and differentiate into more neurons, unknown regulatory mechanism
✔✔Astrocytes - ✔✔largest, most numerous neuroglia
Maintain blood-brain barrier (isolates CNS)
Solutes in blood fluid do not have free access to interstitial fluid of CNS
Astrocytes regulate flow of material from capillary, secrete chemicals that alter
permeability of capillary endothelial cells in CNS
Create three-dimensional framework for CNS
, Repair damaged neural tissue
Guide neuron development and interconnections
Control interstitial environment (fluid) -K+, Na+, CO2, nutrients, recycling
neurotransmitters, enhance/supress communication between neurons
✔✔What repairs damaged neural tissue? - ✔✔Astrocytes
✔✔Oligodendrocytes - ✔✔produces myelin and wraps axons of some CNS neurons
✔✔Myelination - ✔✔Myelin insulates myelinated axons
Increases speed of action potentials
Makes nerves appear white
✔✔Internodes - ✔✔Areas of axon covered by myelin
Insulates axon from outside environment
✔✔Nodes of Ranvier - ✔✔space between internodes where axon is exposed to
extracellular fluid
✔✔White Matter - ✔✔Regions of CNS with many myelinated nerves/axons
Appears white because of myelin
✔✔Grey Matter - ✔✔Unmyelinated areas of CNS
Neuronal cell bodies, dendrites and unmyelinated axons
✔✔Microglia - ✔✔- Least numerous and smallest neuroglia
Migrate through neural tissue
Phagocytic cells that clean up cellular debris, waste products, and pathogens
✔✔Where do Microglia originate? - ✔✔Originate from stem cells related to stem cells
that produce monocytes and macrophages
✔✔Ganglia - ✔✔Masses of neuron cell bodies
Surrounded by neuroglia
Found in the PNS
✔✔Neuroglia of the Peripheral Nervous System - ✔✔1. Satellite cells
2. Schwann cells
✔✔Satellite cells - ✔✔Also called amphicytes
Surround ganglia
