CERTIFIED PARAOPTOMETRIC UPDATED 2026 EXAM
SCRIPT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS RATED A+
✔✔Ciliary Muscle - ✔✔The muscle inside of the eyeball that alters the shape of the
crystalline lens. It has direct control over the focusing ability of the eye.
✔✔Medial Rectus - ✔✔The most powerful of the extraocular muscles. Turns the eye
toward the nose.
✔✔Inferior Rectus - ✔✔Its primary action is to turn the eye downward.
✔✔Lateral Rectus - ✔✔Its only action is to move the eyes away from the nose.
✔✔Superior Rectus - ✔✔Its primary action is to move the eye upward.
✔✔Superior Oblique - ✔✔Rotates eye down and inward
✔✔Inferior Oblique - ✔✔Rotates eye up and outward
✔✔Anterior Chamber - ✔✔The area inside the eye, behind the cornea, and in front of
the iris.
✔✔Aqueous humor - ✔✔a clear, watery fluid produced by the ciliary body. It provides
nutrients for the lens and posterior cornea.
✔✔Choroid - ✔✔Sandwiched between the sclera and the retina. This nourishes the
retina.
✔✔Conjunctiva - ✔✔clear, cellophane-like tissue that covers the sclera and the inside
surface of the eyelids. The *palpebral* _______ lines the lids, while the *bulbar*
_______ covers the sclera.
✔✔Fovea Centralis - ✔✔Area in the macula where visual acuity is the sharpest.
✔✔Macula - ✔✔The central part of the retina, which is used for seeing detail.
✔✔Posterior Chamber - ✔✔The area behind the iris and in front of the lens.
✔✔Rods - ✔✔Photoreceptors that provide black/white vision and are the most sensitive.
✔✔Cones - ✔✔Photoreceptors responsible for color vision and for clear central vision.
✔✔Sclera - ✔✔The white portion of the eye made up of a tough, fibrous tissue that
gives shape and structure to the eyeball.
,✔✔Vitreous Humor - ✔✔A thick, clear, jelly-like substance that fills the eye between the
lens and the retina. This serves to support the retina and helps keep the eye round.
✔✔Ocular Adnexa - ✔✔The adjacent structures of the eye, such as eyelids, lashes,
eyebrows, lacrimal apparatus, tarsal plates, orbit, extraocular muscles and conjunctiva.
✔✔Sinuses - ✔✔Air spaces within the bones.
✔✔Lacrimal Gland - ✔✔The gland that supplies most of the tears to the eye.
✔✔Lacrimal Duct - ✔✔The drainage system for tears.
✔✔Nasolacrimal Duct - ✔✔The drainage system for the tears to leave the eye.
✔✔Amblyopia - ✔✔A loss of vision in one or both eyes.
✔✔Aphakia - ✔✔When a cataract progress to the degree that it interferes with vision,
the crystalline lens can be surgically removed.
Absence of the lens in the eye.
✔✔Chalazion - ✔✔As the inflammation resolves in a hordeolum, it will sometimes leave
a granuloma (small lump).
✔✔Blepharitis - ✔✔Inflammation of the lid margin.
✔✔Diabetic Retinopathy - ✔✔Due to poor blood circulation that occurs with diabetes
mellitus, new blood vessel growth often develops in the retina.
✔✔Esotropia - ✔✔A form of strabismus in which one or both eyes turn inward.
✔✔Flashes or floaters - ✔✔Caused by mechanical stimulation of the nerves in the
retina.
✔✔Glaucoma - ✔✔A condition in which the optic nerve is damaged from increased
ocular pressure.
✔✔Hordeolum - ✔✔Commonly known as a stye, occurs when pores in the eyelid
become blocked and inflamed. This essentially is a "pimple" in the eyelid.
✔✔Keratoconus - ✔✔The cornea thins and bulges forward.
✔✔Nystagmus - ✔✔A vision condition in which the eyes make repetitive, uncontrolled
movements, often resulting in reduced vision.
, ✔✔Pinguecula - ✔✔A thickening of the connective tissue on the sides of the cornea (3
and 9 o'clock).
✔✔Ptygerium - ✔✔A type of abnormal growth of tissue on the conjunctiva. Different
from (other disorder) in its wedge-shape and ability to invade the cornea.
✔✔Retinal detachment - ✔✔The retina pulls away from the rest of the eyeball.
✔✔A-, An- - ✔✔(without)
✔✔Ab- - ✔✔(away)
✔✔Ad- - ✔✔(to, toward)
✔✔Aniso- - ✔✔(different)
✔✔Anti- - ✔✔(against)
✔✔Bi-, Di- - ✔✔(two)
✔✔Ex- - ✔✔(away from, out of)
✔✔Hyper- - ✔✔(excessive, above, over)
✔✔Hypo-, Sub- - ✔✔(under, below)
✔✔Intra- - ✔✔(within)
✔✔Para- - ✔✔(beside, beyond, around)
✔✔Peri- - ✔✔(surrounding)
✔✔Retro- - ✔✔(backward)
✔✔-ectomy - ✔✔(cutting out, excision)
✔✔-ia - ✔✔(diseased or abnormal state)
✔✔-itis - ✔✔(inflammation)
✔✔-meter - ✔✔(measurer)
SCRIPT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS RATED A+
✔✔Ciliary Muscle - ✔✔The muscle inside of the eyeball that alters the shape of the
crystalline lens. It has direct control over the focusing ability of the eye.
✔✔Medial Rectus - ✔✔The most powerful of the extraocular muscles. Turns the eye
toward the nose.
✔✔Inferior Rectus - ✔✔Its primary action is to turn the eye downward.
✔✔Lateral Rectus - ✔✔Its only action is to move the eyes away from the nose.
✔✔Superior Rectus - ✔✔Its primary action is to move the eye upward.
✔✔Superior Oblique - ✔✔Rotates eye down and inward
✔✔Inferior Oblique - ✔✔Rotates eye up and outward
✔✔Anterior Chamber - ✔✔The area inside the eye, behind the cornea, and in front of
the iris.
✔✔Aqueous humor - ✔✔a clear, watery fluid produced by the ciliary body. It provides
nutrients for the lens and posterior cornea.
✔✔Choroid - ✔✔Sandwiched between the sclera and the retina. This nourishes the
retina.
✔✔Conjunctiva - ✔✔clear, cellophane-like tissue that covers the sclera and the inside
surface of the eyelids. The *palpebral* _______ lines the lids, while the *bulbar*
_______ covers the sclera.
✔✔Fovea Centralis - ✔✔Area in the macula where visual acuity is the sharpest.
✔✔Macula - ✔✔The central part of the retina, which is used for seeing detail.
✔✔Posterior Chamber - ✔✔The area behind the iris and in front of the lens.
✔✔Rods - ✔✔Photoreceptors that provide black/white vision and are the most sensitive.
✔✔Cones - ✔✔Photoreceptors responsible for color vision and for clear central vision.
✔✔Sclera - ✔✔The white portion of the eye made up of a tough, fibrous tissue that
gives shape and structure to the eyeball.
,✔✔Vitreous Humor - ✔✔A thick, clear, jelly-like substance that fills the eye between the
lens and the retina. This serves to support the retina and helps keep the eye round.
✔✔Ocular Adnexa - ✔✔The adjacent structures of the eye, such as eyelids, lashes,
eyebrows, lacrimal apparatus, tarsal plates, orbit, extraocular muscles and conjunctiva.
✔✔Sinuses - ✔✔Air spaces within the bones.
✔✔Lacrimal Gland - ✔✔The gland that supplies most of the tears to the eye.
✔✔Lacrimal Duct - ✔✔The drainage system for tears.
✔✔Nasolacrimal Duct - ✔✔The drainage system for the tears to leave the eye.
✔✔Amblyopia - ✔✔A loss of vision in one or both eyes.
✔✔Aphakia - ✔✔When a cataract progress to the degree that it interferes with vision,
the crystalline lens can be surgically removed.
Absence of the lens in the eye.
✔✔Chalazion - ✔✔As the inflammation resolves in a hordeolum, it will sometimes leave
a granuloma (small lump).
✔✔Blepharitis - ✔✔Inflammation of the lid margin.
✔✔Diabetic Retinopathy - ✔✔Due to poor blood circulation that occurs with diabetes
mellitus, new blood vessel growth often develops in the retina.
✔✔Esotropia - ✔✔A form of strabismus in which one or both eyes turn inward.
✔✔Flashes or floaters - ✔✔Caused by mechanical stimulation of the nerves in the
retina.
✔✔Glaucoma - ✔✔A condition in which the optic nerve is damaged from increased
ocular pressure.
✔✔Hordeolum - ✔✔Commonly known as a stye, occurs when pores in the eyelid
become blocked and inflamed. This essentially is a "pimple" in the eyelid.
✔✔Keratoconus - ✔✔The cornea thins and bulges forward.
✔✔Nystagmus - ✔✔A vision condition in which the eyes make repetitive, uncontrolled
movements, often resulting in reduced vision.
, ✔✔Pinguecula - ✔✔A thickening of the connective tissue on the sides of the cornea (3
and 9 o'clock).
✔✔Ptygerium - ✔✔A type of abnormal growth of tissue on the conjunctiva. Different
from (other disorder) in its wedge-shape and ability to invade the cornea.
✔✔Retinal detachment - ✔✔The retina pulls away from the rest of the eyeball.
✔✔A-, An- - ✔✔(without)
✔✔Ab- - ✔✔(away)
✔✔Ad- - ✔✔(to, toward)
✔✔Aniso- - ✔✔(different)
✔✔Anti- - ✔✔(against)
✔✔Bi-, Di- - ✔✔(two)
✔✔Ex- - ✔✔(away from, out of)
✔✔Hyper- - ✔✔(excessive, above, over)
✔✔Hypo-, Sub- - ✔✔(under, below)
✔✔Intra- - ✔✔(within)
✔✔Para- - ✔✔(beside, beyond, around)
✔✔Peri- - ✔✔(surrounding)
✔✔Retro- - ✔✔(backward)
✔✔-ectomy - ✔✔(cutting out, excision)
✔✔-ia - ✔✔(diseased or abnormal state)
✔✔-itis - ✔✔(inflammation)
✔✔-meter - ✔✔(measurer)
