STATISTICS PORTAGE CNSL 503 FINAL
EXAMINATION 2026 FULL QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◉ Data (datum). Answer: Small and large sets of information
◉ What are statistics important? Answer: 1) allows data to be described
and communicated succinctly and concisely
2) means by which researchers communicate their work with one
another and the general public, clear and understandable
3) allow inferences to be drawn about data, particularly when it is not
feasible to collect info from all members of a certain group
4)equip us with the necessary tools needed to make everyday decisions
◉ Variable. Answer: Measurable characteristics that can vary in value
◉ Qualitative variable. Answer: Non-numerical terms, using labels or
categories (religion, ethnicity, eye color, career)
◉ Quantitative variable. Answer: Measured in numerical terms (weight,
height, hr rate, test score)
, ◉ Discrete variable. Answer: quantitative variable that is organized by
whole numbers (0,1,2,3...) (number of people, children, animals)
◉ independent variable. Answer: Variable that is manipulated in an
experiment
◉ Dependent variable. Answer: The variable that is measured for any
observation effect
◉ Control variable. Answer: A variable that remains unchanged
throughout the experiment
◉ Extraneous or confounding variables. Answer: Include any variables
that could unintentionally affect the dependent variable
◉ Qualitative variables are measured by. Answer: Nominal or ordinal
scales
◉ Nominal scale. Answer: Variables that provide categorical info (blood
type, college majors, room numbers) (not greater than or less than)
◉ Ordinal scale. Answer: Categorical info, ranking, or measure
(finishing spots 1st, 2nd, 3rd; shirt sizes, ) (it does differ by not clear by
how much )
EXAMINATION 2026 FULL QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◉ Data (datum). Answer: Small and large sets of information
◉ What are statistics important? Answer: 1) allows data to be described
and communicated succinctly and concisely
2) means by which researchers communicate their work with one
another and the general public, clear and understandable
3) allow inferences to be drawn about data, particularly when it is not
feasible to collect info from all members of a certain group
4)equip us with the necessary tools needed to make everyday decisions
◉ Variable. Answer: Measurable characteristics that can vary in value
◉ Qualitative variable. Answer: Non-numerical terms, using labels or
categories (religion, ethnicity, eye color, career)
◉ Quantitative variable. Answer: Measured in numerical terms (weight,
height, hr rate, test score)
, ◉ Discrete variable. Answer: quantitative variable that is organized by
whole numbers (0,1,2,3...) (number of people, children, animals)
◉ independent variable. Answer: Variable that is manipulated in an
experiment
◉ Dependent variable. Answer: The variable that is measured for any
observation effect
◉ Control variable. Answer: A variable that remains unchanged
throughout the experiment
◉ Extraneous or confounding variables. Answer: Include any variables
that could unintentionally affect the dependent variable
◉ Qualitative variables are measured by. Answer: Nominal or ordinal
scales
◉ Nominal scale. Answer: Variables that provide categorical info (blood
type, college majors, room numbers) (not greater than or less than)
◉ Ordinal scale. Answer: Categorical info, ranking, or measure
(finishing spots 1st, 2nd, 3rd; shirt sizes, ) (it does differ by not clear by
how much )
