BIOLOGY 2160 EXAM 1 CROUSILLAC
1. Levels of Organization
Answer Molecules -> Cells -> Tissue -> Organs -> Organ Systems
2. The four major cell/ tissue types
Answer Nuerons, Muscle, Epithelial, Connective
3. Endocrine gland
Answer Secrete molecules (hormones) directly into the blood stream
4. Exocrine gland
Answer Utilize a duct. secrete molecules into a body cavity, or to the exterior of the body. i.e. stomach, salivary,
sweat glands.
5. Nuerons
Answer Specialized for sending and recieving information.
6. Epithelial
Answer Found on organs, glands, and lining body cavities.
,7. Connective tissue cells
Answer Characterized by very few cells and a lot of extracellular materials.
8. Homeostasis
Answer 1. The ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment despite fluctuations in the external
environment.
2. Deviation from homeostasis indicates disease
3. Mainly achieved from negative feedback
9. Negative feedback
Answer 1. helps return internal conditions to a set point when they deviate too far outside of an acceptable
range. The input and the output are opposites.
Example
shivering when you get cold.
10. Job of negative feedback sensors, integrating center, and effectors
Answer 1. Detects change and send info to the integrating center
2. Assesses change around a set point. The integrating center then sends intructions to an ettector.
,3. Make the apporiate adjustments
11. Regulated variable
Answer Any internal condition that must be monitored and maintained within hte system.
12. What are "noraml" glucose levels?
Answer 1. "Normal" is a relative term, and indicates an acceptable range.
2. Can change depending on physiological state/activity, for example, right after eating vs. right before eating
13. Why do people shiver when they have a fever?
Answer 1. Fever is a physiological response
2. Involves changing the body temperature set point (hypothalamus)
3. Elevated set point causes heat retaining/producing physiological responses such as vasoconstriction and shivering
4. Shivering helps make fever happen
5. Individuals with fever feel cold because set point has changed
14. Antagonistic effectors
Answer 1. Homeostasis is often maintained by opposing ettectors that move conditions in opposite
directions.
, 2. This maintains conditions within a certain normal range, or dynamic constancy.
3. When you are hot, you sweat; when you are cold, you shiver. These are antagonistic reactions.
1. Levels of Organization
Answer Molecules -> Cells -> Tissue -> Organs -> Organ Systems
2. The four major cell/ tissue types
Answer Nuerons, Muscle, Epithelial, Connective
3. Endocrine gland
Answer Secrete molecules (hormones) directly into the blood stream
4. Exocrine gland
Answer Utilize a duct. secrete molecules into a body cavity, or to the exterior of the body. i.e. stomach, salivary,
sweat glands.
5. Nuerons
Answer Specialized for sending and recieving information.
6. Epithelial
Answer Found on organs, glands, and lining body cavities.
,7. Connective tissue cells
Answer Characterized by very few cells and a lot of extracellular materials.
8. Homeostasis
Answer 1. The ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment despite fluctuations in the external
environment.
2. Deviation from homeostasis indicates disease
3. Mainly achieved from negative feedback
9. Negative feedback
Answer 1. helps return internal conditions to a set point when they deviate too far outside of an acceptable
range. The input and the output are opposites.
Example
shivering when you get cold.
10. Job of negative feedback sensors, integrating center, and effectors
Answer 1. Detects change and send info to the integrating center
2. Assesses change around a set point. The integrating center then sends intructions to an ettector.
,3. Make the apporiate adjustments
11. Regulated variable
Answer Any internal condition that must be monitored and maintained within hte system.
12. What are "noraml" glucose levels?
Answer 1. "Normal" is a relative term, and indicates an acceptable range.
2. Can change depending on physiological state/activity, for example, right after eating vs. right before eating
13. Why do people shiver when they have a fever?
Answer 1. Fever is a physiological response
2. Involves changing the body temperature set point (hypothalamus)
3. Elevated set point causes heat retaining/producing physiological responses such as vasoconstriction and shivering
4. Shivering helps make fever happen
5. Individuals with fever feel cold because set point has changed
14. Antagonistic effectors
Answer 1. Homeostasis is often maintained by opposing ettectors that move conditions in opposite
directions.
, 2. This maintains conditions within a certain normal range, or dynamic constancy.
3. When you are hot, you sweat; when you are cold, you shiver. These are antagonistic reactions.
