CALT STUDY GUIDE 2 COMPREHENSIVE EXAM
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2026 WITH 100% CORRECT ANSWERS
◉Expressive Language . Answer: the ability to communicate one's
thoughts, feelings, and needs through spoken words, written text,
gestures, or other symbols, essentially meaning it's "output" of language,
where you use language to express yourself to others; including forming
sentences, using correct grammar, and conveying meaning through
verbal or non-verbal communication.
◉Accent . Answer: stress or emphasis placed on one syllable in a word,
or one word in a sentence. The mouth opens wider, the voice is louder
and higher, and sometimes held a bit longer.
◉Articulation . Answer: where the sound is produced, the way in which
air stream flows through the nose or mouth, and activity of the vocal
cords.
◉Coarticulation . Answer: the articulation of 2 or more speech sounds
together, so that one influences the other ("allophones can occur as a
result of coarticulation across word boundaries")
,◉Phonograms . Answer: a symbol representing a vocal sound
◉What are the 4 Components of Language? . Answer: Phonology,
Semantics, Syntax, & Pragmatics
◉Phonology . Answer: sound structure of a language and how sounds
operate within that language; an unconscious set of rules that govern
speech that indicates suprasegmental and segmental aspects which is a
very large umbrella term.
◉Semantics . Answer: the study of word meaning & vocabulary; it
includes the meanings of words, phrases, sentences & text.
◉Pragmatics . Answer: understanding the social uses of language and
basic social rules of communication
◉Affix . Answer: prefixes and/or suffixes that are added to base words.
◉Alphabet Knowledge . Answer: the ability to identify and name the
letters of the alphabet, the name is the anchor.
◉Alphabetic language . Answer: a language such as English, in which
letters are used systematically to represent speech sounds or phonemes.
,◉Alphabetic Principle . Answer: the understanding that letters
(graphemes) are connected to sounds (phonemes). Letters are the written
symbols that are cognitively processed to make reading possible
(Adams, 1990). Letter names are the only stable property of letters (Cox,
1992) as shapes & sounds of letters vary. The name is the anchor.
Knowing letter names provides a springboard for learning and
remembering letter-sound relationships (Ehri, 1983; NICHD, 2000).
◉Analytic . Answer: presents the whole and teaches how this can be
broken down into its component parts.
◉Anaphora . Answer: using a pronoun or definite article to refer to
something already mentioned (e.g., The cat ran quickly. It sprinted down
the side street.)
◉Appositive . Answer: a noun or noun phrase that is placed after a noun
to explain it more fully. Usually this contains modifiers.
◉Automaticity . Answer: the ability to respond or react without attention
or conscious effort.
◉Comprehension . Answer: making sense of what we read, this depends
on good word recognition, fluency, vocabulary, worldly knowledge, and
language ability.
, ◉Cumulative . Answer: describes instruction that is presented in
sequence that begins with the simplest skills and concepts and
progresses systematically to the more difficult.
◉Decoding . Answer: to break the phonic code (recognizing a word), to
determine the pronunciation of a word by noting the position of the
vowels & consonants.
◉Diagnostic . Answer: pertaining to instruction in which the teacher is
constantly taking notice of how students are handling the lesson
concepts, using this in conjunction with prescriptive instruction.
◉Emergent Literacy . Answer: cognitive maturation characterized by
well-developed oral language ability, exposure to written language, and
metalinguistic awareness.
◉Encoding . Answer: spelling a word
◉Executive Function . Answer: the mental processes that allow
individuals to regulate their thinking, behaviors, and actions.
◉Fluency . Answer: reading words at an adequate rate with a high level
of accuracy, understanding appropriate expression and prosody for
understanding in comprehension.
PAPER TEST BANK FULL SOLUTION UPDATED
2026 WITH 100% CORRECT ANSWERS
◉Expressive Language . Answer: the ability to communicate one's
thoughts, feelings, and needs through spoken words, written text,
gestures, or other symbols, essentially meaning it's "output" of language,
where you use language to express yourself to others; including forming
sentences, using correct grammar, and conveying meaning through
verbal or non-verbal communication.
◉Accent . Answer: stress or emphasis placed on one syllable in a word,
or one word in a sentence. The mouth opens wider, the voice is louder
and higher, and sometimes held a bit longer.
◉Articulation . Answer: where the sound is produced, the way in which
air stream flows through the nose or mouth, and activity of the vocal
cords.
◉Coarticulation . Answer: the articulation of 2 or more speech sounds
together, so that one influences the other ("allophones can occur as a
result of coarticulation across word boundaries")
,◉Phonograms . Answer: a symbol representing a vocal sound
◉What are the 4 Components of Language? . Answer: Phonology,
Semantics, Syntax, & Pragmatics
◉Phonology . Answer: sound structure of a language and how sounds
operate within that language; an unconscious set of rules that govern
speech that indicates suprasegmental and segmental aspects which is a
very large umbrella term.
◉Semantics . Answer: the study of word meaning & vocabulary; it
includes the meanings of words, phrases, sentences & text.
◉Pragmatics . Answer: understanding the social uses of language and
basic social rules of communication
◉Affix . Answer: prefixes and/or suffixes that are added to base words.
◉Alphabet Knowledge . Answer: the ability to identify and name the
letters of the alphabet, the name is the anchor.
◉Alphabetic language . Answer: a language such as English, in which
letters are used systematically to represent speech sounds or phonemes.
,◉Alphabetic Principle . Answer: the understanding that letters
(graphemes) are connected to sounds (phonemes). Letters are the written
symbols that are cognitively processed to make reading possible
(Adams, 1990). Letter names are the only stable property of letters (Cox,
1992) as shapes & sounds of letters vary. The name is the anchor.
Knowing letter names provides a springboard for learning and
remembering letter-sound relationships (Ehri, 1983; NICHD, 2000).
◉Analytic . Answer: presents the whole and teaches how this can be
broken down into its component parts.
◉Anaphora . Answer: using a pronoun or definite article to refer to
something already mentioned (e.g., The cat ran quickly. It sprinted down
the side street.)
◉Appositive . Answer: a noun or noun phrase that is placed after a noun
to explain it more fully. Usually this contains modifiers.
◉Automaticity . Answer: the ability to respond or react without attention
or conscious effort.
◉Comprehension . Answer: making sense of what we read, this depends
on good word recognition, fluency, vocabulary, worldly knowledge, and
language ability.
, ◉Cumulative . Answer: describes instruction that is presented in
sequence that begins with the simplest skills and concepts and
progresses systematically to the more difficult.
◉Decoding . Answer: to break the phonic code (recognizing a word), to
determine the pronunciation of a word by noting the position of the
vowels & consonants.
◉Diagnostic . Answer: pertaining to instruction in which the teacher is
constantly taking notice of how students are handling the lesson
concepts, using this in conjunction with prescriptive instruction.
◉Emergent Literacy . Answer: cognitive maturation characterized by
well-developed oral language ability, exposure to written language, and
metalinguistic awareness.
◉Encoding . Answer: spelling a word
◉Executive Function . Answer: the mental processes that allow
individuals to regulate their thinking, behaviors, and actions.
◉Fluency . Answer: reading words at an adequate rate with a high level
of accuracy, understanding appropriate expression and prosody for
understanding in comprehension.
