BKAT EXAM SCRIPT QUESTIONS WITH FULL
SOLUTIONS 2026
◉ SE of norepinepherine. Answer: Replace volume first because it
can cause GI and renal hypoperfusion. Have a central line. SE:
dizziness, HA, hyperglycemia, myocardial/mesenteric/renal
ischemia, tissue necrosis with extravasation.
◉ Treatment of norepinepherine, epinepherinem, dobutamine, and
Neosynephrine extravasation. Answer: Phentaolmine 5-10 mg.
◉ Indications for epinepherine/Adrenalin. Answer: Simulates alpha
and beta receptors. Used post cardiac surgery for "stunned"
myocardium. ACLS protocol. Bronchial relaxation at low doses,
increased contractility at high doses.
◉ SE of epinepherine. Answer: SE: myocardial/mesenteric/renal
ischemia, tachycardia, hyperglycemia, HA, tissues necrosis with
extravasation
◉ SE of phenylephrine/Neosynephrine. Answer: Pure alpha
stimulator. Used during C/P bypass, anesthesia induced
hypotension, vascular failure in shock. Vasoconstricts arterioles
without cardiac effect.
,◉ SE of Neosynepherine. Answer: Use central line. Wean this first!
SE: Reflex bradycardia, myocardial/mesenteric/renal ischemia,
tissue necrosis with extravasation.
◉ Indications for vasopressin/Pitressin. Answer: Antidiuretic
hormone used to vasocontric. Endogenous hormone. Vasoconstricts
peripheral arterioles & vasodilates coronary, pulmonary, and CNS
circulation. Effective for hypotension, shock, decreases needs of
other pressors, and Cardiac surgery.
◉ SE of vasopressin. Answer: SE: Skin/mesenteric ischemia,
bradycardia, decrease UOP & result in hyponatremia, use with
caution in neurosurgery patients
◉ Indications for dobutamine/Dobutrex. Answer: Beta I stimulator.
Used to increase CO for systolic heart failure, cardiogenic shock, MV
regurgitation, post MI, post cardiac surgery, C/P bypass for
"stunned" myocardium.
◉ SE of dobutamine. Answer: Less effect on HR than dopamine. Use
central line. Check compatibilities. Can be used peripherally during
an emergency. SE: ectopic beats, tachycardia, arrhythmias, tissue
necrosis with extravasation.
, ◉ Indications for nitroprusside/Nipride. Answer: Causes peripheral
vasodilation by acting on venous and arterial smooth muscle.
Decreases BP, SVR, preload, and afterload therefore increasing CO.
Used for HTN, CHF, and hypertensive emergency.
◉ SE of nitroprusside. Answer: Make sure there is adequate volume
and the BP is above 90. May incompatibilities (can use with nitro &
heparin). Can cause thiocyanate toxicity with higher doses. Monitor
for metabolic acidosis. SE: hypotension, HA, nausea, and vomiting.
◉ Indications for milrinone/Primacor. Answer: Positive inotrope
with vasoactive activity. Increases CO and decreases SVR. Used in
CHF and to increase CO.
◉ SE of milrinone. Answer: Renal excretion. SE: arrythmias,
decreased BP, HA, hypokalemia
◉ Indications for nitroglycerin/Nitrostat. Answer: Direct relaxation
of vascular smooth muscle and vasodilation. Used for HTN, angina,
CHF, and MI to decrease O2 demands.
◉ SE of nitroglycerin. Answer: Use with caution for patient
dependent on preload for CO (inferior wall MI or right sided MI).
May see tolerance after 24 hours. SE: Hypotension, reflux
tachycardia, HA, flushing, nausea.
SOLUTIONS 2026
◉ SE of norepinepherine. Answer: Replace volume first because it
can cause GI and renal hypoperfusion. Have a central line. SE:
dizziness, HA, hyperglycemia, myocardial/mesenteric/renal
ischemia, tissue necrosis with extravasation.
◉ Treatment of norepinepherine, epinepherinem, dobutamine, and
Neosynephrine extravasation. Answer: Phentaolmine 5-10 mg.
◉ Indications for epinepherine/Adrenalin. Answer: Simulates alpha
and beta receptors. Used post cardiac surgery for "stunned"
myocardium. ACLS protocol. Bronchial relaxation at low doses,
increased contractility at high doses.
◉ SE of epinepherine. Answer: SE: myocardial/mesenteric/renal
ischemia, tachycardia, hyperglycemia, HA, tissues necrosis with
extravasation
◉ SE of phenylephrine/Neosynephrine. Answer: Pure alpha
stimulator. Used during C/P bypass, anesthesia induced
hypotension, vascular failure in shock. Vasoconstricts arterioles
without cardiac effect.
,◉ SE of Neosynepherine. Answer: Use central line. Wean this first!
SE: Reflex bradycardia, myocardial/mesenteric/renal ischemia,
tissue necrosis with extravasation.
◉ Indications for vasopressin/Pitressin. Answer: Antidiuretic
hormone used to vasocontric. Endogenous hormone. Vasoconstricts
peripheral arterioles & vasodilates coronary, pulmonary, and CNS
circulation. Effective for hypotension, shock, decreases needs of
other pressors, and Cardiac surgery.
◉ SE of vasopressin. Answer: SE: Skin/mesenteric ischemia,
bradycardia, decrease UOP & result in hyponatremia, use with
caution in neurosurgery patients
◉ Indications for dobutamine/Dobutrex. Answer: Beta I stimulator.
Used to increase CO for systolic heart failure, cardiogenic shock, MV
regurgitation, post MI, post cardiac surgery, C/P bypass for
"stunned" myocardium.
◉ SE of dobutamine. Answer: Less effect on HR than dopamine. Use
central line. Check compatibilities. Can be used peripherally during
an emergency. SE: ectopic beats, tachycardia, arrhythmias, tissue
necrosis with extravasation.
, ◉ Indications for nitroprusside/Nipride. Answer: Causes peripheral
vasodilation by acting on venous and arterial smooth muscle.
Decreases BP, SVR, preload, and afterload therefore increasing CO.
Used for HTN, CHF, and hypertensive emergency.
◉ SE of nitroprusside. Answer: Make sure there is adequate volume
and the BP is above 90. May incompatibilities (can use with nitro &
heparin). Can cause thiocyanate toxicity with higher doses. Monitor
for metabolic acidosis. SE: hypotension, HA, nausea, and vomiting.
◉ Indications for milrinone/Primacor. Answer: Positive inotrope
with vasoactive activity. Increases CO and decreases SVR. Used in
CHF and to increase CO.
◉ SE of milrinone. Answer: Renal excretion. SE: arrythmias,
decreased BP, HA, hypokalemia
◉ Indications for nitroglycerin/Nitrostat. Answer: Direct relaxation
of vascular smooth muscle and vasodilation. Used for HTN, angina,
CHF, and MI to decrease O2 demands.
◉ SE of nitroglycerin. Answer: Use with caution for patient
dependent on preload for CO (inferior wall MI or right sided MI).
May see tolerance after 24 hours. SE: Hypotension, reflux
tachycardia, HA, flushing, nausea.
