NUR 245 EXAM 1 | QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS | 2026 UPDATE WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTION
Modifiable risk factors for CAD - ANSWERS-DO patient teaching
High serum lipids
Diabetes
tobacco use
obesity
physical inactivity
Hypertension BIGGEST RISK FACTOR
stress
high homocysteine levels
substance abuse
High serum lipids - ANSWERS-total serum cholesterol >200
LDL > 130
HDL men: <50, Women: <40
fasting triglycerides; >150
-physical activity. eating healthy fats, losing weight, moderate alcohol intake,
quitting smoking increase HDLS
-reduce total fat intake
-reduce sat fats
-take prescribed drugs
-engage in physcial activity
,-adjust caloric intake
Hypertension - ANSWERS-increased risk for CAD, stroke, PVD, HF
>120/80
-causes endothelial injury increasing atherosclerosis= narrows vessels
-results in left ventricular hypertrophy and decreased stroke volume
Monitor BP, obtain regular checkups, take prescribed drugs
-reduce salt intake
-control weight
-perform physcial activity
stop smoking
CAD - ANSWERS-Chronic and progressive disease
Impaired CO= decreased perfusion
-not pumping enough blood to perfuse tissue/organs
-blood vessel disorder due to Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis - ANSWERS-Major cause of CAD
soft deposits of fat that harden with age
endothelial injury and inflammation play role
endothelial injury occurs causing
1) fatty streaks- earliest lesions appear yellow starting at age 20
2. Fibrous plaque- by age 30, begins to harden and be coated with collagen
(grayish/white)
3. Complicated lesion- fibrous plaque continues to grow causing plaque
instability= risk of rupture (thrombus)
,collateral circulation - ANSWERS-"bridges" occurs over time
-plaque block blood flow
causing build of new branches around plaque
-allows heart muscle to still receive adequate amount of blood and oxygen
except during increased workload of heart (exercise)
-the older the person the more collateral circulation
younger=worse prognosis
Nonmodifiable risk factors for CAD - ANSWERS-Age: middle aged MEN (over
age 45)
Gender- Male
women- estrogen may protect, symptoms are atypical (fatigue, SOB, upper
back pain, indigestion, weakness, sleep problems, palpitations, anxiety)
-Genetics
-ethnicity (Caucasian men)
Tobacco use - ANSWERS-releases catecholamines which increase HR/BP=
increase heart workload
-increases lDL/ decreased HDL
-releases toxic O2 radicals (carbon monoxide) which affects hemoglobins O2
carrying capacity
-increases heart workload and decrease O2
-irritates vessels causing endothelial injury and inflammation
DO smoking cessation
Physical inactivity CAD - ANSWERS-may cause venous stasis (heart works
harder)
, educate on 30-60 mins 5 days per week
-increases HDLs
-decreases hearts workload
-reduces risk of thrombus
Obesity - ANSWERS-BMI >30
waist circumference men: >40 inches, women: 35 inches
-have increased levels of LDLs/ triglycerides= atherosclerosis
-apple figure
Diabetes - ANSWERS-endothelial dysfunction
-high cholesterol and triglycerides
Lifestyle changes and drug therapy
A1c less than 7%
metabolic syndrome - ANSWERS-cluster of risk factors for CAD
-central obesity
-hypertension
-abnormal serum lipids
-high fasting blood glucose
psychologic status - ANSWERS-Type A personality
-due to stress and overworking
-depression
-stress (increases HR, increases O2 demand causing increase workload of the
heart)
ANSWERS | 2026 UPDATE WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTION
Modifiable risk factors for CAD - ANSWERS-DO patient teaching
High serum lipids
Diabetes
tobacco use
obesity
physical inactivity
Hypertension BIGGEST RISK FACTOR
stress
high homocysteine levels
substance abuse
High serum lipids - ANSWERS-total serum cholesterol >200
LDL > 130
HDL men: <50, Women: <40
fasting triglycerides; >150
-physical activity. eating healthy fats, losing weight, moderate alcohol intake,
quitting smoking increase HDLS
-reduce total fat intake
-reduce sat fats
-take prescribed drugs
-engage in physcial activity
,-adjust caloric intake
Hypertension - ANSWERS-increased risk for CAD, stroke, PVD, HF
>120/80
-causes endothelial injury increasing atherosclerosis= narrows vessels
-results in left ventricular hypertrophy and decreased stroke volume
Monitor BP, obtain regular checkups, take prescribed drugs
-reduce salt intake
-control weight
-perform physcial activity
stop smoking
CAD - ANSWERS-Chronic and progressive disease
Impaired CO= decreased perfusion
-not pumping enough blood to perfuse tissue/organs
-blood vessel disorder due to Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis - ANSWERS-Major cause of CAD
soft deposits of fat that harden with age
endothelial injury and inflammation play role
endothelial injury occurs causing
1) fatty streaks- earliest lesions appear yellow starting at age 20
2. Fibrous plaque- by age 30, begins to harden and be coated with collagen
(grayish/white)
3. Complicated lesion- fibrous plaque continues to grow causing plaque
instability= risk of rupture (thrombus)
,collateral circulation - ANSWERS-"bridges" occurs over time
-plaque block blood flow
causing build of new branches around plaque
-allows heart muscle to still receive adequate amount of blood and oxygen
except during increased workload of heart (exercise)
-the older the person the more collateral circulation
younger=worse prognosis
Nonmodifiable risk factors for CAD - ANSWERS-Age: middle aged MEN (over
age 45)
Gender- Male
women- estrogen may protect, symptoms are atypical (fatigue, SOB, upper
back pain, indigestion, weakness, sleep problems, palpitations, anxiety)
-Genetics
-ethnicity (Caucasian men)
Tobacco use - ANSWERS-releases catecholamines which increase HR/BP=
increase heart workload
-increases lDL/ decreased HDL
-releases toxic O2 radicals (carbon monoxide) which affects hemoglobins O2
carrying capacity
-increases heart workload and decrease O2
-irritates vessels causing endothelial injury and inflammation
DO smoking cessation
Physical inactivity CAD - ANSWERS-may cause venous stasis (heart works
harder)
, educate on 30-60 mins 5 days per week
-increases HDLs
-decreases hearts workload
-reduces risk of thrombus
Obesity - ANSWERS-BMI >30
waist circumference men: >40 inches, women: 35 inches
-have increased levels of LDLs/ triglycerides= atherosclerosis
-apple figure
Diabetes - ANSWERS-endothelial dysfunction
-high cholesterol and triglycerides
Lifestyle changes and drug therapy
A1c less than 7%
metabolic syndrome - ANSWERS-cluster of risk factors for CAD
-central obesity
-hypertension
-abnormal serum lipids
-high fasting blood glucose
psychologic status - ANSWERS-Type A personality
-due to stress and overworking
-depression
-stress (increases HR, increases O2 demand causing increase workload of the
heart)
