BIOLOGY ACTUAL EXAM SCRIPT 2026
COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS
◉ What are parts of a plant cell? Answer: Rigid cell wall
Large vacuole
Chloroplasts
(nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane and mitochondria)
◉ What does the nucleus do? Answer: Contains DNA that controls what
the cell does
◉ What does the cytoplasm do? Answer: Its a gel-like substance where
most of the chemical reactions happpen
◉ What does the cell membrane do? Answer: Holds the cell together
and controls what goes in and out
◉ What does the mitochondria do? Answer: This is where most of the
reactions for respiration take place. Respiration releases energy that the
cell needs to work.
◉ What does the rigid cell wall do? Answer: It is made up of cellulose
and it gives support for the cell
,◉ What does the large vacuole do? Answer: Contains cell sap, a weak
solution of sugar and salts
◉ What do chloroplasts do? Answer: This is where photosynthesis
occurs. They contain a green substance called chlorophyll.
◉ What are the features of a bacteria cell? Answer: Chromosomal DNA
Plasmids
Flagellum
Cell wall
◉ What is chromosomal DNA? Answer: Chromosomal DNA controls
the cells activities and replication. It floats free in the cytoplasm.
◉ What are plasmids? Answer: Plasmids are small loops of extra DNA
that aren't part of the chromosome. Plasmids contain genes for things
like drug resistance and can be passed between bacteria.
◉ What is the flagellum? Answer: The flagellum is a long, hair-like
structure that rotates to make the bacterium move.
◉ What does the cell wall do? Answer: Support the cell
,◉ What is magnification? Answer: How much bigger the image is that
the specimen
◉ How do you work out magnification? Answer: length of image /
length of specimen
◉ What is the difference between light microscopes and electron
microscopes? Answer: Light microscopes let us see things like the
nuclei, chloroplasts and mitochondria. Electron microscopes let us see
much smaller things in more detail like the internal structure of
mitochondria and chloroplasts and even tinier things like plasmids.
◉ What is DNA? Answer: DNA is the complex chemical that carries
genetic information. DNA is found in chromosomes which are found in
the nucleus of most cells.
◉ What is the structure of DNA? (6marker) Answer: -A DNA molecule
has two strands coiled together in the shape of a double helix.
-The two strands are hold together by chemicals called bases. The four
bases are adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine.
-The bases are paired, and they always pair up in the same way; A-T and
C-G. This is called base pairing.
-The base pairs are joined together by weak hydrogen bonds.
, ◉ What is a gene? Answer: A gene is a short piece of DNA that codes
for a specific protein. You have genes for hair structure, eye colour
enzymes and every other protein in your body.
◉ Who discovered the structure of DNA? Answer: -Rosalind Franklin
and Maurice Wilkins worked out DNA had a helical structure by
directing beams of X-rays onto crystallised DNA and looking at the
patterns of x-rays formed as they bounced off.
-James Watson and Francis Crick used these ideas along with the idea
the amount of adenine+guanine matched the amount of
thymine+cytosine to make a model of the DNA molecule where all the
pieces fitted together.
◉ What would be a practical to extract DNA?(6 marker) Answer: -Mash
or chop fruit or vegetable (e.g kiwi) and mix with salty water and
detergent to break open the cells and help release the DNA from the
nuclei.
-Add protease enzyme to the filtered mixture to break up proteins in cell
membranes and so release more DNA.
-Add ice cold ethanol carefully down inside the tube into the mixture.
The ethanol makes the DNA separate from the liquid so it is easy to lift
out.
◉ How does a cell make proteins? Answer: By stringing amino acids
together in a particular order. There's only 20 different amino acids that
are used to make up thousands of different proteins. The order of bases
COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS
◉ What are parts of a plant cell? Answer: Rigid cell wall
Large vacuole
Chloroplasts
(nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane and mitochondria)
◉ What does the nucleus do? Answer: Contains DNA that controls what
the cell does
◉ What does the cytoplasm do? Answer: Its a gel-like substance where
most of the chemical reactions happpen
◉ What does the cell membrane do? Answer: Holds the cell together
and controls what goes in and out
◉ What does the mitochondria do? Answer: This is where most of the
reactions for respiration take place. Respiration releases energy that the
cell needs to work.
◉ What does the rigid cell wall do? Answer: It is made up of cellulose
and it gives support for the cell
,◉ What does the large vacuole do? Answer: Contains cell sap, a weak
solution of sugar and salts
◉ What do chloroplasts do? Answer: This is where photosynthesis
occurs. They contain a green substance called chlorophyll.
◉ What are the features of a bacteria cell? Answer: Chromosomal DNA
Plasmids
Flagellum
Cell wall
◉ What is chromosomal DNA? Answer: Chromosomal DNA controls
the cells activities and replication. It floats free in the cytoplasm.
◉ What are plasmids? Answer: Plasmids are small loops of extra DNA
that aren't part of the chromosome. Plasmids contain genes for things
like drug resistance and can be passed between bacteria.
◉ What is the flagellum? Answer: The flagellum is a long, hair-like
structure that rotates to make the bacterium move.
◉ What does the cell wall do? Answer: Support the cell
,◉ What is magnification? Answer: How much bigger the image is that
the specimen
◉ How do you work out magnification? Answer: length of image /
length of specimen
◉ What is the difference between light microscopes and electron
microscopes? Answer: Light microscopes let us see things like the
nuclei, chloroplasts and mitochondria. Electron microscopes let us see
much smaller things in more detail like the internal structure of
mitochondria and chloroplasts and even tinier things like plasmids.
◉ What is DNA? Answer: DNA is the complex chemical that carries
genetic information. DNA is found in chromosomes which are found in
the nucleus of most cells.
◉ What is the structure of DNA? (6marker) Answer: -A DNA molecule
has two strands coiled together in the shape of a double helix.
-The two strands are hold together by chemicals called bases. The four
bases are adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine.
-The bases are paired, and they always pair up in the same way; A-T and
C-G. This is called base pairing.
-The base pairs are joined together by weak hydrogen bonds.
, ◉ What is a gene? Answer: A gene is a short piece of DNA that codes
for a specific protein. You have genes for hair structure, eye colour
enzymes and every other protein in your body.
◉ Who discovered the structure of DNA? Answer: -Rosalind Franklin
and Maurice Wilkins worked out DNA had a helical structure by
directing beams of X-rays onto crystallised DNA and looking at the
patterns of x-rays formed as they bounced off.
-James Watson and Francis Crick used these ideas along with the idea
the amount of adenine+guanine matched the amount of
thymine+cytosine to make a model of the DNA molecule where all the
pieces fitted together.
◉ What would be a practical to extract DNA?(6 marker) Answer: -Mash
or chop fruit or vegetable (e.g kiwi) and mix with salty water and
detergent to break open the cells and help release the DNA from the
nuclei.
-Add protease enzyme to the filtered mixture to break up proteins in cell
membranes and so release more DNA.
-Add ice cold ethanol carefully down inside the tube into the mixture.
The ethanol makes the DNA separate from the liquid so it is easy to lift
out.
◉ How does a cell make proteins? Answer: By stringing amino acids
together in a particular order. There's only 20 different amino acids that
are used to make up thousands of different proteins. The order of bases
