RASMUSSEN PATHO COMPREHENSIVE STUDY
GUIDE 2026 SOLVED QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS GRADED A+
◉ Define Homeostasis. Answer: Equilibrium of the body.
◉ Function of a ribosome? Answer: Aid in protein production.
◉ Hormone that raises blood sugar? Answer: Glucagon
◉ Main function of the endocrine system? Answer: The glands of the
endocrine system secrete a wide range of hormones and chemical
messengers that help regulate growth, development, mood metabolism,
and reproduction.
◉ Function of plasma protein? Answer: Albumin, globulins, and
fibrinogen. Maintains osmotic pressure, coagulation factors, transports
antibodies, hormones, lipids, vitamins, and minerals.
◉ Intracellular contain a high ____- note which electrolytes. Answer:
Potassium, magnesium and phosphate
,◉ Physiologic effect of hyponatremia? Answer: Results from low serum
sodium levels (<135 mEq/L). As sodium levels decrease, water shifts
into cells. This can cause unstable gait, osteoporosis, attention deficit,
cells swell.
◉ Define hypovolemia. Answer: fluid deficit in the intravascular
compartment
◉ This stores electrolytes and acts like an electrolyte pool in the body.
Answer: the kidneys
◉ Define "sign", "contraindication". Answer: Sign: something found
during an exam, or diagnosis testing that indicates something
Contraindication: Anything (including a symptom or medical condition)
that is a reason for a person to not receive a particular treatment or
procedure because it may be harmful
◉ Normal range of sodium. Answer: 135-145 mEq/L
◉ Clinical manifestations of fluid volume overload. Answer:
Hypovolemia. C/M: swelling (edema) of the feet, ankles, wrists, face,
high BP, headache, and bloating.
, ◉ Know components of insensible water loss. Answer: The amount of
body fluid lost daily that is not easily measured, from the respiratory
system, skin, and water in the excreted stool.
◉ Define hypotonic, hypertonic, and isotonic solutions. Answer:
Hypotonic: Lower concentration of sodium/solutes in solution than the
blood cells swell
Hypertonic: Higher concentration of sodium/solutes in solution than the
blood cells shrink
Isotonic: equal concentrations
◉ define osmosis. Answer: movement of water from low concentration
to high across a cell membrane
◉ Normal pH of blood. Answer: 7.35-7.45
◉ define diffusion. Answer: movement of solutes: from high to low
concentration
◉ An increase in sodium and osmolality is associated with a deficiency
in water. Answer: true
◉ How does the body maintain acid-base balance? Answer: Normal
acid-base balance is maintained by the lungs and kidneys.
GUIDE 2026 SOLVED QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS GRADED A+
◉ Define Homeostasis. Answer: Equilibrium of the body.
◉ Function of a ribosome? Answer: Aid in protein production.
◉ Hormone that raises blood sugar? Answer: Glucagon
◉ Main function of the endocrine system? Answer: The glands of the
endocrine system secrete a wide range of hormones and chemical
messengers that help regulate growth, development, mood metabolism,
and reproduction.
◉ Function of plasma protein? Answer: Albumin, globulins, and
fibrinogen. Maintains osmotic pressure, coagulation factors, transports
antibodies, hormones, lipids, vitamins, and minerals.
◉ Intracellular contain a high ____- note which electrolytes. Answer:
Potassium, magnesium and phosphate
,◉ Physiologic effect of hyponatremia? Answer: Results from low serum
sodium levels (<135 mEq/L). As sodium levels decrease, water shifts
into cells. This can cause unstable gait, osteoporosis, attention deficit,
cells swell.
◉ Define hypovolemia. Answer: fluid deficit in the intravascular
compartment
◉ This stores electrolytes and acts like an electrolyte pool in the body.
Answer: the kidneys
◉ Define "sign", "contraindication". Answer: Sign: something found
during an exam, or diagnosis testing that indicates something
Contraindication: Anything (including a symptom or medical condition)
that is a reason for a person to not receive a particular treatment or
procedure because it may be harmful
◉ Normal range of sodium. Answer: 135-145 mEq/L
◉ Clinical manifestations of fluid volume overload. Answer:
Hypovolemia. C/M: swelling (edema) of the feet, ankles, wrists, face,
high BP, headache, and bloating.
, ◉ Know components of insensible water loss. Answer: The amount of
body fluid lost daily that is not easily measured, from the respiratory
system, skin, and water in the excreted stool.
◉ Define hypotonic, hypertonic, and isotonic solutions. Answer:
Hypotonic: Lower concentration of sodium/solutes in solution than the
blood cells swell
Hypertonic: Higher concentration of sodium/solutes in solution than the
blood cells shrink
Isotonic: equal concentrations
◉ define osmosis. Answer: movement of water from low concentration
to high across a cell membrane
◉ Normal pH of blood. Answer: 7.35-7.45
◉ define diffusion. Answer: movement of solutes: from high to low
concentration
◉ An increase in sodium and osmolality is associated with a deficiency
in water. Answer: true
◉ How does the body maintain acid-base balance? Answer: Normal
acid-base balance is maintained by the lungs and kidneys.
