Nurs 5315: Adv Patho
ACTUAL Exam 1 WITH
QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT VERIFIED
ANSWERS GRADED A+
GUARANTEED 100%
PASS
Free radical and ROS - ANSWERSE. normal byproduct of ATP production, will
overwhelm the mitochondria- exhaust intracellular antioxidants
P. lipid peroxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA
C.M. development in Alzheimer's, heart disease, Parkinson's disease, Amyotrophic
Lateral Sclerosis
Ethanol - ANSWERSE. mood altering drug, long term effects on liver and nutritional
status
P. metabolized by liver, generates free radicals
,C.M. CNS depression, nutrient deficiencies-Mag, Vit B6, thiamine, PO4, inflammation
and fatty infiltration of liver, hepatomegaly, leads to liver failure irreversible
Oncosis - ANSWERSNa and H2O enter cell and cause swelling. Organ increases in
weight, becomes distended and pale. Associated with high fever, hypocalcemia, certain
infections
Fatty Infiltration - ANSWERSintracellular accumulation of lipids in the liver
liver fails to metabolize lipids. usually from ETOH or high fat diet. can lead to cirrhosis
dystrophic calcification - ANSWERSaccumulation of Ca in dead or dying tissues
calcium salt clump and harden- interfere with cellular structure and function
r/t pulmonary TB, atherosclerosis, injured heart valves, chronic pancreatitis
metastatic calcification - ANSWERSaccumulation of Ca in normal tissue
result of hypercalcemia r/t hyperparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism, toxic levels of Vit D.
Can also r/t hyperphosphatemia in renal failure
urate accumulation - ANSWERSsodium urate crystals are deposited in tissues- group of
disorders collectively called gout- acute arthritis, chronic gouty arthritis, tophus, nephritis
Coagulative Necrosis - ANSWERSkidneys, heart, adrenals- secondary to hypoxia
Liquefactive Necrosis - ANSWERSnerve cells- brain- accumulation of pus
Caseous Necrosis - ANSWERSlung disease- usually TB- tissue looks like clumped
cheese
Fat Necrosis - ANSWERSbreast, pancreas, abdominal structures- creates soaps
Gangrenous Necrosis - ANSWERSDry- dark shriveled skin
Wet- internal organs- can lead to death
Gas- from clostridium- antitoxins and hyperbaric therapy
Gout - ANSWERSE. disturbances in serum urate levels. uncommon for < 30 years old.
P. uric acid is deposited in the tissues of kidney, heart, earlobes, and joints.
C.M. inflammation, painful joints. result of diuretic use or diet high in cream sauces, red
wine, or red meat
Rhabdomyolysis - ANSWERSE. cell hypoxia caused by severe muscle trauma,
hyperthermia, crush injuries, or severe dehydration
P. hypoxia to cell causes failure of the Na-K pump, causing accumulation of intracellular
sodium, oncosis, and eventual cell death. Cell death releases enzymes such as CK, uric
acid, LDH, AST, etc.
,C.M. Causes: trauma, hyperthermia, crush injuries, severe dehydration; s/s: CK is 5x
upper normal limit, muscle pain, weakness, dark, reddish-brown urine, hypercalcemia,
renal failure
Alpha Fetoprotein Origin - ANSWERSLiver and germ cell tumors
Carcinoembryonic Antigen - ANSWERSGI, pancreas, lung, breast tumors
Prostate Specific Antigen - ANSWERSprostate tumors
Carcino- - ANSWERSfrom epithelial tissue- renal cell carcinoma
Sarco- - ANSWERSfrom connective tissue- chondrosarcoma
Carcinoma in situ - ANSWERSpreinvasive epithelial malignant tumors of glandular or
squamous cells- cervix
Lung ca metastasis - ANSWERSMultiple organs including brain
Colorectal ca metastasis - ANSWERSLiver, lungs
Testicular ca metastasis - ANSWERSLiver, lungs, brain
Prostate ca metastasis - ANSWERSBones (especially lumbar spine), liver
Head and neck ca metastasis - ANSWERSLiver, bones, lymphatics
Ovarian ca metastasis - ANSWERSPeritoneal surfaces, diaphragm, omentum, liver
Sarcoma metastasis - ANSWERSLungs
Melanoma metastasis - ANSWERSIn transit lymphatics, lung, liver, brain, GI tract
Mechanisms of ca metastasis - ANSWERSLocal invasion, followed by invasion of
surrounding tissues. Cells then may invade blood and lymphatic vessels. They must
survive in circulation, then enter and survive in a new location. Then the cells can
multiply and form a new tumor.
TNM staging system - ANSWERST= tumor size >/= correlates with metastatic ability
N= whether lymph nodes are involved
M= extra nodal involvement (liver, lungs)
Intravascular fluid compartment - ANSWERSIn venous system- 20%
Osmolality - ANSWERSThe measure of solute concentration in a fluid.
280-295 mOsm
, Interstitial fluid compartment - ANSWERSSurrounds the cells and bathes them in
nutrients- 20%
Intracellular fluid compartment - ANSWERSWithin the cells- 40% uk
Osmosis - ANSWERSPassive- the movement of water from an area of low
concentration of solute to one of higher concentration
Osmotic pressure - ANSWERSPulling- the amount of pressure or force that is exerted
by solute molecules of a given compartment
Hydrostatic pressure - ANSWERSBlood pressure- pushes fluid outside of the vessels,
the force of fluid against the walls of a compartment- venous obstruction, Na and water
retention
Oncotic pressure - ANSWERSColloid pressure keeps water inside the compartment,
attracts water from interstitial space back into the capillary- losses or diminished
albumin
Effective arterial blood volume - ANSWERSThe amount of blood within the arterial
space- ECF changes will cause changes in the EABV in the same direction
Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System - ANSWERSActivated by low blood volume,
triggers release of renin which converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1. ACE
converts angiotensin 1 to angiotensin which causes arterial vasoconstriction and
stimulates release of aldosterone. Aldosterone stimulates renal Na reabsorption and K+
excretion. Water is retained, less urine is produced, blood volume increases.
Natriuretic hormones - ANSWERSANP and BNP- released by heart- works opposite
RAAS to decrease blood volume, promotes urinary excretion of Na and water
Fluid volume deficit - ANSWERSDehydration- intake is not enough for body's needs
C.M. Poor skin turgor, dry mucous membranes, sunken eyes, sunken fontanelles,
decreased urine output, fatigue
Fluid volume excess - ANSWERSFluid intake exceeds body's needs
C.M. Edema, rales, HTN, weight gain, bounding pulses, intake> output, JVD,
restlessness or anxiety
Edema - ANSWERSAccumulation of fluid within the interstitial space- venous
obstruction, Na and water retention
C.M. can be localized or dependent, tightness of skin, facial swelling, rales, decreased
wound healing, increased risk of pressure sores, weight gain
Euvolemic Hypernatremia - ANSWERStotal body water loss, usually from DI
ACTUAL Exam 1 WITH
QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT VERIFIED
ANSWERS GRADED A+
GUARANTEED 100%
PASS
Free radical and ROS - ANSWERSE. normal byproduct of ATP production, will
overwhelm the mitochondria- exhaust intracellular antioxidants
P. lipid peroxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA
C.M. development in Alzheimer's, heart disease, Parkinson's disease, Amyotrophic
Lateral Sclerosis
Ethanol - ANSWERSE. mood altering drug, long term effects on liver and nutritional
status
P. metabolized by liver, generates free radicals
,C.M. CNS depression, nutrient deficiencies-Mag, Vit B6, thiamine, PO4, inflammation
and fatty infiltration of liver, hepatomegaly, leads to liver failure irreversible
Oncosis - ANSWERSNa and H2O enter cell and cause swelling. Organ increases in
weight, becomes distended and pale. Associated with high fever, hypocalcemia, certain
infections
Fatty Infiltration - ANSWERSintracellular accumulation of lipids in the liver
liver fails to metabolize lipids. usually from ETOH or high fat diet. can lead to cirrhosis
dystrophic calcification - ANSWERSaccumulation of Ca in dead or dying tissues
calcium salt clump and harden- interfere with cellular structure and function
r/t pulmonary TB, atherosclerosis, injured heart valves, chronic pancreatitis
metastatic calcification - ANSWERSaccumulation of Ca in normal tissue
result of hypercalcemia r/t hyperparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism, toxic levels of Vit D.
Can also r/t hyperphosphatemia in renal failure
urate accumulation - ANSWERSsodium urate crystals are deposited in tissues- group of
disorders collectively called gout- acute arthritis, chronic gouty arthritis, tophus, nephritis
Coagulative Necrosis - ANSWERSkidneys, heart, adrenals- secondary to hypoxia
Liquefactive Necrosis - ANSWERSnerve cells- brain- accumulation of pus
Caseous Necrosis - ANSWERSlung disease- usually TB- tissue looks like clumped
cheese
Fat Necrosis - ANSWERSbreast, pancreas, abdominal structures- creates soaps
Gangrenous Necrosis - ANSWERSDry- dark shriveled skin
Wet- internal organs- can lead to death
Gas- from clostridium- antitoxins and hyperbaric therapy
Gout - ANSWERSE. disturbances in serum urate levels. uncommon for < 30 years old.
P. uric acid is deposited in the tissues of kidney, heart, earlobes, and joints.
C.M. inflammation, painful joints. result of diuretic use or diet high in cream sauces, red
wine, or red meat
Rhabdomyolysis - ANSWERSE. cell hypoxia caused by severe muscle trauma,
hyperthermia, crush injuries, or severe dehydration
P. hypoxia to cell causes failure of the Na-K pump, causing accumulation of intracellular
sodium, oncosis, and eventual cell death. Cell death releases enzymes such as CK, uric
acid, LDH, AST, etc.
,C.M. Causes: trauma, hyperthermia, crush injuries, severe dehydration; s/s: CK is 5x
upper normal limit, muscle pain, weakness, dark, reddish-brown urine, hypercalcemia,
renal failure
Alpha Fetoprotein Origin - ANSWERSLiver and germ cell tumors
Carcinoembryonic Antigen - ANSWERSGI, pancreas, lung, breast tumors
Prostate Specific Antigen - ANSWERSprostate tumors
Carcino- - ANSWERSfrom epithelial tissue- renal cell carcinoma
Sarco- - ANSWERSfrom connective tissue- chondrosarcoma
Carcinoma in situ - ANSWERSpreinvasive epithelial malignant tumors of glandular or
squamous cells- cervix
Lung ca metastasis - ANSWERSMultiple organs including brain
Colorectal ca metastasis - ANSWERSLiver, lungs
Testicular ca metastasis - ANSWERSLiver, lungs, brain
Prostate ca metastasis - ANSWERSBones (especially lumbar spine), liver
Head and neck ca metastasis - ANSWERSLiver, bones, lymphatics
Ovarian ca metastasis - ANSWERSPeritoneal surfaces, diaphragm, omentum, liver
Sarcoma metastasis - ANSWERSLungs
Melanoma metastasis - ANSWERSIn transit lymphatics, lung, liver, brain, GI tract
Mechanisms of ca metastasis - ANSWERSLocal invasion, followed by invasion of
surrounding tissues. Cells then may invade blood and lymphatic vessels. They must
survive in circulation, then enter and survive in a new location. Then the cells can
multiply and form a new tumor.
TNM staging system - ANSWERST= tumor size >/= correlates with metastatic ability
N= whether lymph nodes are involved
M= extra nodal involvement (liver, lungs)
Intravascular fluid compartment - ANSWERSIn venous system- 20%
Osmolality - ANSWERSThe measure of solute concentration in a fluid.
280-295 mOsm
, Interstitial fluid compartment - ANSWERSSurrounds the cells and bathes them in
nutrients- 20%
Intracellular fluid compartment - ANSWERSWithin the cells- 40% uk
Osmosis - ANSWERSPassive- the movement of water from an area of low
concentration of solute to one of higher concentration
Osmotic pressure - ANSWERSPulling- the amount of pressure or force that is exerted
by solute molecules of a given compartment
Hydrostatic pressure - ANSWERSBlood pressure- pushes fluid outside of the vessels,
the force of fluid against the walls of a compartment- venous obstruction, Na and water
retention
Oncotic pressure - ANSWERSColloid pressure keeps water inside the compartment,
attracts water from interstitial space back into the capillary- losses or diminished
albumin
Effective arterial blood volume - ANSWERSThe amount of blood within the arterial
space- ECF changes will cause changes in the EABV in the same direction
Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System - ANSWERSActivated by low blood volume,
triggers release of renin which converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1. ACE
converts angiotensin 1 to angiotensin which causes arterial vasoconstriction and
stimulates release of aldosterone. Aldosterone stimulates renal Na reabsorption and K+
excretion. Water is retained, less urine is produced, blood volume increases.
Natriuretic hormones - ANSWERSANP and BNP- released by heart- works opposite
RAAS to decrease blood volume, promotes urinary excretion of Na and water
Fluid volume deficit - ANSWERSDehydration- intake is not enough for body's needs
C.M. Poor skin turgor, dry mucous membranes, sunken eyes, sunken fontanelles,
decreased urine output, fatigue
Fluid volume excess - ANSWERSFluid intake exceeds body's needs
C.M. Edema, rales, HTN, weight gain, bounding pulses, intake> output, JVD,
restlessness or anxiety
Edema - ANSWERSAccumulation of fluid within the interstitial space- venous
obstruction, Na and water retention
C.M. can be localized or dependent, tightness of skin, facial swelling, rales, decreased
wound healing, increased risk of pressure sores, weight gain
Euvolemic Hypernatremia - ANSWERStotal body water loss, usually from DI
