WGU C180 Final Exam Study guide
(Latest 2026/ 2027 Update) Introduction
to Psychology Guide | Verified Questions
& Answers |100% Correct
Whatwwdowwpsychologistswwstudy?
• BiologicalwwFoundations
• MentalwwLife
• Change
• SelfwwandwwOthers
• PotentialwwandwwDysfunction
Whatwwiswwthewwscientificwwmethodwwandwwhowwwiswwitwwappliedwwtowwpsychologicalwwresearch?
Thewwscientificwwmethodwwiswwthewwsetwwofwwassumptions,wwrules,wwandwwprocedureswwscientistsww
usewwtowwconductwwresearch.wwInwwadditionwwtowwrequiringwwthatwwsciencewwiswwverifiable,wwthewws
cientificwwmethodwwdemandswwthatwwprocedureswwarewwfreewwofwwpersonalwwbias.
Whatwwiswwthewwdefinitionwwofwwawwhypothesis?
Awwspecificwwandwwfalsifiablewwpredictionwwaboutwwthewwrelationshipwwbetweenwwtwowworwwmorewwvariabl
es.
Whatwwiswwanwwoperationalwwdefinition?wwProvidewwanwwexample.
Anwwoperationalwwdefinitionwwreferswwtowwawwprecisewwstatementwwofwwhowwwawwconceptualwwvariabl
eww(wwabstractwwideawwthatwwformwwthewwbasiswwofwwresearchwwhypothesesww)wwwhichwwiswwturnedwwin
towwawwmeasuredwwvariableww(wwvarialbeswwconsistingwwofwwnumberswwthatwwrepresentwwthewwconcep
tualwwvariablesww)
, WGU C180 Final Exam Study guide (L
ww ww ww ww ww ww
atest 2026/ 2027 Update) Introduction
ww ww ww ww w
wto Psychology Guide | Verified Questio
ww ww ww ww ww
ns & Answers |100% Correct
ww ww ww ww
(ConceptualwwVariable)wwDepressionww-
ww(operationalwwdefinition)wwNumberwwofwwnegativewwwordswwusedwwinwwawwcreativewwstory;wwnumbe
rwwofwwappointmentswwmadewwwithwwawwpsychotherapist
Whywwarewwethicalwwguidelineswwneededwwwithinwwpsychologicalwwresearch?
Thesewwarewwneededwwwithwwpsychologicalwwresearchwwiswwthewwpreventwwphysicalwwand/orwwemotio
nalwwharmwwtowwthewwparticipants.
Whatwwarewwthewwvariouswwresearchwwmethodswwinwwthewwfieldwwofwwpsychology
?wwDescriptivewwResearch
CorrelationalwwResearc
hwwExperimentalwwRese
arch
Whatwwiswwdescriptivewwresearch?
researchwwdesignedwwtowwprovidewwawwsnapshotwwofwwthewwcurrentwwstatewwofwwaffairs.
WhatwwiswwCorrelationalwwResearch
researchwwdesignedwwtowwdiscoverwwrelationshipswwamongwwvariableswwandwwtowwallowwwthewwpredictionw
wofwwfuturewweventswwfromwwpresentwwknowledge.
, WGU C180 Final Exam Study guide (L
ww ww ww ww ww ww
atest 2026/ 2027 Update) Introduction
ww ww ww ww w
wto Psychology Guide | Verified Questio
ww ww ww ww ww
ns & Answers |100% Correct
ww ww ww ww
WhatwwiswwExperimentalwwResearch
researchwwinwwwhichwwtherewwiswwawwrandomwwassignmentwwofwwresearchwwparticipantswwintowwtwowwg
roups.wwThiswwiswwfollowedwwbywwawwmanipulationwwofwwawwgivenwwexperiencewwforwwonewwgroupww
whilewwthewwotherwwiswwnotwwmanipulated.wwOnewwgroupwwiswwthewwexperimentalwwgroupwwthatwwrece
iveswwthewwmanipulation.wwThewwotherwwgroupwwiswwthewwcontrolwwgroupwwthatwwdoeswwnot.wwThewwt
wowwgroupswwarewwthenwwcomparedwwtowwdeterminewwthewwinfluencewwofwwthewwmanipulation.
Whatwwiswwthewwrelationshipwwbetweenwwawwpopulationwwandwwawwsample?
Thewwpeoplewwchosenwwtowwparticipatewwinwwthewwresearch,wwcalledwwawwsample,wwarewwselectedwwtow
wbewwrepresentativewwofwwallwwthewwpeoplewwthatwwthewwresearcherwwwisheswwtowwknowwwabout,wwcall
edwwthewwpopulation.ww"Samplingwwiswwthewwprocesswwofwwselectingwwawwrepresentativewwgroupwwfro
mwwthewwpopulationwwunderwwstudy.wwThewwtargetwwpopulationwwiswwthewwtotalwwgroupwwofwwindividu
alswwfromwwwhichwwthewwsamplewwmightwwbewwdrawn.wwAwwsamplewwiswwthewwgroupwwofwwpeoplewww
howwtakewwpartwwinwwthewwinvestigation.wwThewwpeoplewwwhowwtakewwpartwwarewwreferredwwtowwasww"
participants"."
IndependentwwVariable
Thewwvariablewwinwwanwwexperimentwwthatwwiswwmanipulatedwworwwcompared
DependentwwVariable
Thewwvariablewwinwwanwwexperimentwwthatwwiswwmeasured;wwthewwoutcomewwofwwanwwexperiment
ControlwwGroup
, WGU C180 Final Exam Study guide (L
ww ww ww ww ww ww
atest 2026/ 2027 Update) Introduction
ww ww ww ww w
wto Psychology Guide | Verified Questio
ww ww ww ww ww
ns & Answers |100% Correct
ww ww ww ww
Thewwgroupwwofwwsubjectswwinwwanwwexperimentwwthatwwdoeswwnotwwreceivewwthewwindependentwwvariable
ExperimentalwwGroup
EXPERIMENTALwwGROUPwwiswwthewwgroupwwreceivingwwthewwindependentwwvariable
Whatwwdoeswwawwcorrelationalwwresearchwwdesignwwexamine?wwProvidewwanwwexample.
researchwwdesignedwwtowwdiscoverwwrelationshipswwamongwwvariableswwandwwtowwallowwwthewwpredictionw
wofwwfuturewweventswwfromwwpresentwwknowledge.
Describewwexampleswwofwwawwpositivewwandwwawwnegativewwcorrelation.
Correlational-
Towwassesswwthewwrelationshipswwbetweenwwandwwamongwwtwowworwwmorewwvariables.wwPostiive
- Aswwchildrenwwagewwtheywwgetwwbetterwwatwwmath
ww ww
Negativeww-
wwAgewwofwwawwchildwwandwwthewwnumberwwofwwdiaperswwtheywwuseww"Negativewwcorrelation,wwthewwva
riableswwmovewwinwwinverse,wworwwopposite,wwdirections.wwAswwonewwvariablewwincreases,wwthewwothe
rwwvariablewwdecreases.wwForwwexample,wwtherewwiswwawwnegativewwcorrelationwwbetweenwwself-
esteemwwandwwdepression.wwPositivewwcorrelationwwiswwwhenwwtherewwiswwanwwincreasewwinwwonewwvari
ablewwitwwiswwassociatedwwwithwwanwwincreasewwinwwanotherwwvariable.wwForwwexample:wwwithwwheight
wwandwwweight,wwtallerwwpeoplewwtendwwtowwbewwheavier."
Whatwwarewwthewwdifferenceswwinwwinterpretationswwofwwcorrelationalwwandwwexperimentalwwdesigns?
Inwwcorrelationalwwstudieswwawwresearcherwwlookswwforwwassociationswwamongwwnaturallywwoccurringwwva
riables,wwwhereaswwinwwexperimentalwwstudieswwthewwresearcherwwintroduceswwawwchangewwandwwthenwwmo
(Latest 2026/ 2027 Update) Introduction
to Psychology Guide | Verified Questions
& Answers |100% Correct
Whatwwdowwpsychologistswwstudy?
• BiologicalwwFoundations
• MentalwwLife
• Change
• SelfwwandwwOthers
• PotentialwwandwwDysfunction
Whatwwiswwthewwscientificwwmethodwwandwwhowwwiswwitwwappliedwwtowwpsychologicalwwresearch?
Thewwscientificwwmethodwwiswwthewwsetwwofwwassumptions,wwrules,wwandwwprocedureswwscientistsww
usewwtowwconductwwresearch.wwInwwadditionwwtowwrequiringwwthatwwsciencewwiswwverifiable,wwthewws
cientificwwmethodwwdemandswwthatwwprocedureswwarewwfreewwofwwpersonalwwbias.
Whatwwiswwthewwdefinitionwwofwwawwhypothesis?
Awwspecificwwandwwfalsifiablewwpredictionwwaboutwwthewwrelationshipwwbetweenwwtwowworwwmorewwvariabl
es.
Whatwwiswwanwwoperationalwwdefinition?wwProvidewwanwwexample.
Anwwoperationalwwdefinitionwwreferswwtowwawwprecisewwstatementwwofwwhowwwawwconceptualwwvariabl
eww(wwabstractwwideawwthatwwformwwthewwbasiswwofwwresearchwwhypothesesww)wwwhichwwiswwturnedwwin
towwawwmeasuredwwvariableww(wwvarialbeswwconsistingwwofwwnumberswwthatwwrepresentwwthewwconcep
tualwwvariablesww)
, WGU C180 Final Exam Study guide (L
ww ww ww ww ww ww
atest 2026/ 2027 Update) Introduction
ww ww ww ww w
wto Psychology Guide | Verified Questio
ww ww ww ww ww
ns & Answers |100% Correct
ww ww ww ww
(ConceptualwwVariable)wwDepressionww-
ww(operationalwwdefinition)wwNumberwwofwwnegativewwwordswwusedwwinwwawwcreativewwstory;wwnumbe
rwwofwwappointmentswwmadewwwithwwawwpsychotherapist
Whywwarewwethicalwwguidelineswwneededwwwithinwwpsychologicalwwresearch?
Thesewwarewwneededwwwithwwpsychologicalwwresearchwwiswwthewwpreventwwphysicalwwand/orwwemotio
nalwwharmwwtowwthewwparticipants.
Whatwwarewwthewwvariouswwresearchwwmethodswwinwwthewwfieldwwofwwpsychology
?wwDescriptivewwResearch
CorrelationalwwResearc
hwwExperimentalwwRese
arch
Whatwwiswwdescriptivewwresearch?
researchwwdesignedwwtowwprovidewwawwsnapshotwwofwwthewwcurrentwwstatewwofwwaffairs.
WhatwwiswwCorrelationalwwResearch
researchwwdesignedwwtowwdiscoverwwrelationshipswwamongwwvariableswwandwwtowwallowwwthewwpredictionw
wofwwfuturewweventswwfromwwpresentwwknowledge.
, WGU C180 Final Exam Study guide (L
ww ww ww ww ww ww
atest 2026/ 2027 Update) Introduction
ww ww ww ww w
wto Psychology Guide | Verified Questio
ww ww ww ww ww
ns & Answers |100% Correct
ww ww ww ww
WhatwwiswwExperimentalwwResearch
researchwwinwwwhichwwtherewwiswwawwrandomwwassignmentwwofwwresearchwwparticipantswwintowwtwowwg
roups.wwThiswwiswwfollowedwwbywwawwmanipulationwwofwwawwgivenwwexperiencewwforwwonewwgroupww
whilewwthewwotherwwiswwnotwwmanipulated.wwOnewwgroupwwiswwthewwexperimentalwwgroupwwthatwwrece
iveswwthewwmanipulation.wwThewwotherwwgroupwwiswwthewwcontrolwwgroupwwthatwwdoeswwnot.wwThewwt
wowwgroupswwarewwthenwwcomparedwwtowwdeterminewwthewwinfluencewwofwwthewwmanipulation.
Whatwwiswwthewwrelationshipwwbetweenwwawwpopulationwwandwwawwsample?
Thewwpeoplewwchosenwwtowwparticipatewwinwwthewwresearch,wwcalledwwawwsample,wwarewwselectedwwtow
wbewwrepresentativewwofwwallwwthewwpeoplewwthatwwthewwresearcherwwwisheswwtowwknowwwabout,wwcall
edwwthewwpopulation.ww"Samplingwwiswwthewwprocesswwofwwselectingwwawwrepresentativewwgroupwwfro
mwwthewwpopulationwwunderwwstudy.wwThewwtargetwwpopulationwwiswwthewwtotalwwgroupwwofwwindividu
alswwfromwwwhichwwthewwsamplewwmightwwbewwdrawn.wwAwwsamplewwiswwthewwgroupwwofwwpeoplewww
howwtakewwpartwwinwwthewwinvestigation.wwThewwpeoplewwwhowwtakewwpartwwarewwreferredwwtowwasww"
participants"."
IndependentwwVariable
Thewwvariablewwinwwanwwexperimentwwthatwwiswwmanipulatedwworwwcompared
DependentwwVariable
Thewwvariablewwinwwanwwexperimentwwthatwwiswwmeasured;wwthewwoutcomewwofwwanwwexperiment
ControlwwGroup
, WGU C180 Final Exam Study guide (L
ww ww ww ww ww ww
atest 2026/ 2027 Update) Introduction
ww ww ww ww w
wto Psychology Guide | Verified Questio
ww ww ww ww ww
ns & Answers |100% Correct
ww ww ww ww
Thewwgroupwwofwwsubjectswwinwwanwwexperimentwwthatwwdoeswwnotwwreceivewwthewwindependentwwvariable
ExperimentalwwGroup
EXPERIMENTALwwGROUPwwiswwthewwgroupwwreceivingwwthewwindependentwwvariable
Whatwwdoeswwawwcorrelationalwwresearchwwdesignwwexamine?wwProvidewwanwwexample.
researchwwdesignedwwtowwdiscoverwwrelationshipswwamongwwvariableswwandwwtowwallowwwthewwpredictionw
wofwwfuturewweventswwfromwwpresentwwknowledge.
Describewwexampleswwofwwawwpositivewwandwwawwnegativewwcorrelation.
Correlational-
Towwassesswwthewwrelationshipswwbetweenwwandwwamongwwtwowworwwmorewwvariables.wwPostiive
- Aswwchildrenwwagewwtheywwgetwwbetterwwatwwmath
ww ww
Negativeww-
wwAgewwofwwawwchildwwandwwthewwnumberwwofwwdiaperswwtheywwuseww"Negativewwcorrelation,wwthewwva
riableswwmovewwinwwinverse,wworwwopposite,wwdirections.wwAswwonewwvariablewwincreases,wwthewwothe
rwwvariablewwdecreases.wwForwwexample,wwtherewwiswwawwnegativewwcorrelationwwbetweenwwself-
esteemwwandwwdepression.wwPositivewwcorrelationwwiswwwhenwwtherewwiswwanwwincreasewwinwwonewwvari
ablewwitwwiswwassociatedwwwithwwanwwincreasewwinwwanotherwwvariable.wwForwwexample:wwwithwwheight
wwandwwweight,wwtallerwwpeoplewwtendwwtowwbewwheavier."
Whatwwarewwthewwdifferenceswwinwwinterpretationswwofwwcorrelationalwwandwwexperimentalwwdesigns?
Inwwcorrelationalwwstudieswwawwresearcherwwlookswwforwwassociationswwamongwwnaturallywwoccurringwwva
riables,wwwhereaswwinwwexperimentalwwstudieswwthewwresearcherwwintroduceswwawwchangewwandwwthenwwmo
