Pathophysiology HTHS 2230 Unit 1
Questions and All Correct Answers
2025-2026 Updated.
Why do cells change? - Answer to adapt to a new environment, to escape & to protect
themselves
Do cells adapt specifically or unspecific ally? - Answer specifically
What are the specific ways that cells adapt? - Answer muscle vs epithelium, nerves, &
connective tissue
Can cellular adaptation be a pathological response, functional response, or both? - Answer
both
What is atrophy? - Answer decrease in cell size
Can atrophy result in the complete loss of cells? - Answer yes
Is atrophy a sign of pathophysiology or successful adaptation? - Answer pathophysiology
What is atrophy usually caused by? - Answer disease or ischemia
What are some other causes of atrophy besides disease or ischemia? - Answer diminished
nerve stimulation, poor nutrition, and other diseases such as alzheimers
What is hypertrophy? - Answer increase in the mass of the cell
What else is increased in hypertrophy besides the mass? - Answer number of muscle
proteins (not fluids) to allow muscles to do more work
What are the common tissues of hypertrophy? - Answer cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle, &
kidneys
What is hyperplasia? - Answer increase in the number of cells
, What causes hyperplasia? - Answer increased rate of cell division
What must the cells involved in hyperplasia have? - Answer mitotic ability
Is it possible in any given organ to have both hyperplasia and hypertrophy? - Answer yes
What organs is it common for hyperplasia and hypertrophy to both occur? - Answer uterine
muscle during pregnancy and uterine endometrium during pregnancy and every menstrual
cycle
What is metaplasia? - Answer an adaptive solution to a different "hardier" cell line
What is an example of metaplasia? - Answer replacement of ciliated columnar epithelium
with stratified squamous epithelium in the respiratory tract of a smoker
What is dysplasia? - Answer a change to an abnormal cell line
Are dysplastic cells normal and found in the body? - Answer no
Is dysplasia a precancerous sign? - Answer yes
What is atypical hyperplasia? - Answer atypical changes in the size, shape, and appearance,
and of the cells
What is neoplasia? - Answer new, abnormal proliferation of cells
What causes dysplasia? - Answer chronic or persistent irritation or injury progressing
towards neoplasia
What are some examples of precancerous changes of dysplasia? - Answer cervical dysplasia
from human papilloma virus (HPV), bronchial dysplasia from smoking
What are some ways cell scan be injured? - Answer membrane permeability changes,
interruption of oxidative metabolism (ATP production), diminished protein synthesis, leakage of
digestive enzymes
If two people are exposed to the same stimulus, will they incur the same degree of cellular
damage? - Answer no because pathos of individuals are different
Questions and All Correct Answers
2025-2026 Updated.
Why do cells change? - Answer to adapt to a new environment, to escape & to protect
themselves
Do cells adapt specifically or unspecific ally? - Answer specifically
What are the specific ways that cells adapt? - Answer muscle vs epithelium, nerves, &
connective tissue
Can cellular adaptation be a pathological response, functional response, or both? - Answer
both
What is atrophy? - Answer decrease in cell size
Can atrophy result in the complete loss of cells? - Answer yes
Is atrophy a sign of pathophysiology or successful adaptation? - Answer pathophysiology
What is atrophy usually caused by? - Answer disease or ischemia
What are some other causes of atrophy besides disease or ischemia? - Answer diminished
nerve stimulation, poor nutrition, and other diseases such as alzheimers
What is hypertrophy? - Answer increase in the mass of the cell
What else is increased in hypertrophy besides the mass? - Answer number of muscle
proteins (not fluids) to allow muscles to do more work
What are the common tissues of hypertrophy? - Answer cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle, &
kidneys
What is hyperplasia? - Answer increase in the number of cells
, What causes hyperplasia? - Answer increased rate of cell division
What must the cells involved in hyperplasia have? - Answer mitotic ability
Is it possible in any given organ to have both hyperplasia and hypertrophy? - Answer yes
What organs is it common for hyperplasia and hypertrophy to both occur? - Answer uterine
muscle during pregnancy and uterine endometrium during pregnancy and every menstrual
cycle
What is metaplasia? - Answer an adaptive solution to a different "hardier" cell line
What is an example of metaplasia? - Answer replacement of ciliated columnar epithelium
with stratified squamous epithelium in the respiratory tract of a smoker
What is dysplasia? - Answer a change to an abnormal cell line
Are dysplastic cells normal and found in the body? - Answer no
Is dysplasia a precancerous sign? - Answer yes
What is atypical hyperplasia? - Answer atypical changes in the size, shape, and appearance,
and of the cells
What is neoplasia? - Answer new, abnormal proliferation of cells
What causes dysplasia? - Answer chronic or persistent irritation or injury progressing
towards neoplasia
What are some examples of precancerous changes of dysplasia? - Answer cervical dysplasia
from human papilloma virus (HPV), bronchial dysplasia from smoking
What are some ways cell scan be injured? - Answer membrane permeability changes,
interruption of oxidative metabolism (ATP production), diminished protein synthesis, leakage of
digestive enzymes
If two people are exposed to the same stimulus, will they incur the same degree of cellular
damage? - Answer no because pathos of individuals are different
