NUR 2063 pathophysiology-final-exam-review PATHO FINAL

NUR 2063 pathophysiology-final-exam-review PATHO FINAL ⦁ Differences b/w dysplasia, hyperplasia, physiological (6 q) ⦁ Dysplasia = deranged growth immature cells of a specific tissue that results in atypical cells (cells vary in size, shape, and appearance) ⦁ often a precursor of cancer (ex. cervical dysplasia – cells start to change + become precancerous or cancerous) ⦁ * Google: Dysplasia refers to an abnormality in the maturation of cells within a tissue; consists of an increase in immature cells with a corresponding decrease in mature cells. Dysplasia is often indicative of an early neoplastic process (neoplasia is the process underlying cancer and some benign tumors) ⦁ Hyperplasia = increase in the # of cells in an organ or tissue ⦁ an organ can get enlarged as a result ⦁ normal cells but there are more in number compared to normal human body ⦁ CONTROLLED process that occurs in response to an appropriate stimulus (could be physiologic or non) and goes away once the stimulus leaves. ⦁ Physiologic hyperplasia: ⦁ Ex. Hormonal – breast and uterine enlargement during pregnancy ⦁ Ex. Compensatory – liver regeneration after partial liver removal HYPERTROPHY: ⦁ Compensatory – liver part cut off and regrows? ⦁ Adaptive – CHF + bladder ⦁ Non-physiologic hyperplasia: due to excess hormonal stimulation or the effects of growth factors on target tissues ⦁ Metaplasia = reversible! one cell type converts into another cell type that can better endure the change/stress (occurs when body goes into new “environment”, if the stimulus is no longer present, cells will come into their original type) ⦁ this occurs in response to chronic irritation or inflammation ⦁ allows for substitution of cells that are better able to survive under circumstances that a weak cell could not (must be same cell type…ex. epithelial cell could be converted into another type of epithelial cell, but NOT to a connective tissue cell) ⦁ ex. Barrett’s esophagus (squamous epithelial cells change to columnar cells) ⦁ Anaplasia = loss of cell differentiation (in cancerous tissue); ⦁ differentiated cells go backwards; ⦁ “anaplasia” literally means “to form backward” ⦁ HIV - lab values, transmission, (CD4 count) … (* Look for key words! 2 answers where CD4 count is low but second part of the Q is tricky)  (3Q) ⦁ Transmission: through blood, semen, vaginal fluids, breast milk ⦁ CD4+ count of 200 or less = AIDS!