NURS5461 PART 2 EXAM | QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS | 2026 UPDATE WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTION ALREADY
GRADED A+
what happens in MAHA? - ANSWERS-RBCs get sheared as they travel across
very tight valve, break apart ---> hemolytic anemia
what type of murmur is heard with aortic stenosis? - ANSWERS-systolic
ejection murmur w/ crescendo/decrescendo
causes of aortic regurgitation - ANSWERS-- aneurysm of the aortic
annulus/ring -- won't allow valve to close
- Tertiary syphillis
- Marfan's, Ehler Danos, CT disorders
- Endocarditis
- Rheumatic fever
what type of murmur is heard with aortic regurgitation? - ANSWERS-early
diastolic murmur with decrescnedo on left sternal border
causes of mitral stenosis - ANSWERS-- rheumatic fever*** Characteristic
- endocarditis
what type of murmur is heard with mitral stenosis - ANSWERS-diastolic
rumble w/ opening snap
,causes of mitral regurgitation - ANSWERS-- anything that causes LV dilation
(stretches the heart and valves are no longer able to come together
properly)
- rheumatic fever
- endocarditis
- papillary muscle dysfunction
- calcification of valve
what type of murmur is heard with mitral regurgitation - ANSWERS-hollow
systolic murmur at the apex; flat murmur, starts at S1
auscultation of a murmur in the right sternal border indicates problem with -
ANSWERS-aortic valve
auscultation of a murmur in the left upper sternal border indicates problem
with - ANSWERS-pulmonic valve
auscultation of a murmur in the left lower sternal border indicates problem
with - ANSWERS-tricuspid valve, aortic valve
auscultation of a murmur in the apex indicates problem with - ANSWERS-
mitral valve
causes of aortic stenosis - ANSWERS-- bicuspid aortic valve (congenital
condition)
- age-related calcification (smoking, HTN, HLD)
- rheumatic fever/heart disease
S&S of aortic stenosis - ANSWERS-- Left ventricular hypertrophy - PMI is
shifted/displaced
- Syncope
,- Angina
- Dyspnea
- Pulsus parvus
- MAHA
pulsus parvus et tardus - ANSWERS-small, weak pulse that is slow to rise
MAHA stands for - ANSWERS-microangiopathic hemolytic anemia
best position for pt to be in to hear extra heart sounds - ANSWERS-left
lateral decubitus position
S3 heart sound indicates what problem? - ANSWERS-volume overload -->
too much blood volume
S4 heart sound indicates what problem? - ANSWERS-pressure overload -
very bad - like in HTN
mitral valve prolapse is caused by - ANSWERS-- idiopathic
- connective tissue disorder (Marfans, Ehler Danos)
mitral valve prolapse murmur is a - ANSWERS-systolic murmur w/ late/mid
systolic click
the valve closures best heard at the base of the heart are - ANSWERS-aortic
and pulmonic
, S1 coincides with the - ANSWERS-carotid artery pulse
strongest risk factor for CVD in older adults is - ANSWERS-elevated systolic
blood pressure
a pt that comes in with tiredness and shortness of breath should be
suspected for - ANSWERS-Acute coronary syndrome
all pts with suspected ACS should receive what medications? - ANSWERS-
Aspirin (regardless of age)
Metoprolol or atenolol
ACE inhibitor
Statin
ABCs of ACS - ANSWERS-A: ASA and antianginal therapy
B: Beta blockers and blood pressure
C: Cigarette smoking and cholesterol
D: Diet and diabetes
E: Exercise and Education
diagnostic for chronic CAD - ANSWERS-stress test
all pts with chronic CAD should get what meds? - ANSWERS-- high dose
statin
- aspirin
- ACE inhibitors (if pt has CAD, PAD, or DM)
AND ANSWERS | 2026 UPDATE WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTION ALREADY
GRADED A+
what happens in MAHA? - ANSWERS-RBCs get sheared as they travel across
very tight valve, break apart ---> hemolytic anemia
what type of murmur is heard with aortic stenosis? - ANSWERS-systolic
ejection murmur w/ crescendo/decrescendo
causes of aortic regurgitation - ANSWERS-- aneurysm of the aortic
annulus/ring -- won't allow valve to close
- Tertiary syphillis
- Marfan's, Ehler Danos, CT disorders
- Endocarditis
- Rheumatic fever
what type of murmur is heard with aortic regurgitation? - ANSWERS-early
diastolic murmur with decrescnedo on left sternal border
causes of mitral stenosis - ANSWERS-- rheumatic fever*** Characteristic
- endocarditis
what type of murmur is heard with mitral stenosis - ANSWERS-diastolic
rumble w/ opening snap
,causes of mitral regurgitation - ANSWERS-- anything that causes LV dilation
(stretches the heart and valves are no longer able to come together
properly)
- rheumatic fever
- endocarditis
- papillary muscle dysfunction
- calcification of valve
what type of murmur is heard with mitral regurgitation - ANSWERS-hollow
systolic murmur at the apex; flat murmur, starts at S1
auscultation of a murmur in the right sternal border indicates problem with -
ANSWERS-aortic valve
auscultation of a murmur in the left upper sternal border indicates problem
with - ANSWERS-pulmonic valve
auscultation of a murmur in the left lower sternal border indicates problem
with - ANSWERS-tricuspid valve, aortic valve
auscultation of a murmur in the apex indicates problem with - ANSWERS-
mitral valve
causes of aortic stenosis - ANSWERS-- bicuspid aortic valve (congenital
condition)
- age-related calcification (smoking, HTN, HLD)
- rheumatic fever/heart disease
S&S of aortic stenosis - ANSWERS-- Left ventricular hypertrophy - PMI is
shifted/displaced
- Syncope
,- Angina
- Dyspnea
- Pulsus parvus
- MAHA
pulsus parvus et tardus - ANSWERS-small, weak pulse that is slow to rise
MAHA stands for - ANSWERS-microangiopathic hemolytic anemia
best position for pt to be in to hear extra heart sounds - ANSWERS-left
lateral decubitus position
S3 heart sound indicates what problem? - ANSWERS-volume overload -->
too much blood volume
S4 heart sound indicates what problem? - ANSWERS-pressure overload -
very bad - like in HTN
mitral valve prolapse is caused by - ANSWERS-- idiopathic
- connective tissue disorder (Marfans, Ehler Danos)
mitral valve prolapse murmur is a - ANSWERS-systolic murmur w/ late/mid
systolic click
the valve closures best heard at the base of the heart are - ANSWERS-aortic
and pulmonic
, S1 coincides with the - ANSWERS-carotid artery pulse
strongest risk factor for CVD in older adults is - ANSWERS-elevated systolic
blood pressure
a pt that comes in with tiredness and shortness of breath should be
suspected for - ANSWERS-Acute coronary syndrome
all pts with suspected ACS should receive what medications? - ANSWERS-
Aspirin (regardless of age)
Metoprolol or atenolol
ACE inhibitor
Statin
ABCs of ACS - ANSWERS-A: ASA and antianginal therapy
B: Beta blockers and blood pressure
C: Cigarette smoking and cholesterol
D: Diet and diabetes
E: Exercise and Education
diagnostic for chronic CAD - ANSWERS-stress test
all pts with chronic CAD should get what meds? - ANSWERS-- high dose
statin
- aspirin
- ACE inhibitors (if pt has CAD, PAD, or DM)
