PSYCH 240 Exam 1 with all Correct & 100% Verified
Answers |Actual Complete Exam |Already Graded A+
What is Cognitive Psychology? ✔Correct Answer-The scientific study of the human mind. The study
of structures and processes of the mind and brain that take in, transform, and use information.
Challenge of Cognitive psychology ✔Correct Answer-The mind is unobservable. You cannot
observe a mind. You can observe the stimulus and the products. "The mind is like a black box"
What cognitive psychologists can observe: ✔Correct Answer-Products, output of the mind:
behavior, physiology.
Three precursors to cognitive psychology ✔Correct Answer-Introspectionism (Structuralism),
Behaviorism, Functionalism
Introspectionism (Structuralism) ✔Correct Answer-Means to look inward. To understand the mind,
look inside and see the contents of the mind. What are the structures inside the mind that we can
observe by looking inward and thinking about we experience.
Wilhelm Wundt ✔Correct Answer-German who originated the school of psychology of
Introspectionism (Structuralism)
Edward Tichener ✔Correct Answer-(1896) Student of Wilhelm Wundt. (Introspectionist) cataloged
42,415 sensations.
Key problem with Introspectionism ✔Correct Answer-It isn't really like empirical science like
modern science. Difficult to verify objectively. Introspection by definition deal with private events..
You observe the end product and NOT the process itself. Hard to come up with a good detailed
understanding of what's going on in the mind.
Functionalism ✔Correct Answer-A reaction to structuralism (introspectionism) Result of people
being dissatisfied with structuralism. Natural evolution.. Arguing for scientific study of mind using
biology and physiology. Mind is evolved. Theres a reason why the mind does its things. What is the
purpose of the mind. How are we using it? What can it accomplish.
William James ✔Correct Answer-(1842-1910). Leader of functionalism movement. First person to
distinguish between STM and LTM.
John Dewey ✔Correct Answer-Leader of Pragmatist school. Subset of Fundamentalism.
Pragmatism ✔Correct Answer-Put knowledge to use. Applied psychology. EDUCATION. Developing
a practical use in the methods and ways of thinking of functionalist psychology. attribute of accepting
the facts of life and favoring practicality and literal truth
Progressive Education ✔Correct Answer-Ideas and practices with the objective to make school
teachings more effective for a democratic society.
Behaviorism ✔Correct Answer-Science of understanding behavior. Forget mind, mental processes.
Trying to understand behavior. An approach to psychology that emphasizes observable measurable
, behavior. Dominant school of thought for the 20th century. Emphasis on what can be directly
observed. Thirsty = "water deprived" operationally.
Ivan Pavlov ✔Correct Answer-Behaviorist. Discovered classical conditioning.
John Watson ✔Correct Answer-Pioneer of developing behaviorism. Systematic way of approaching
psychology through behaviorist perspective. Behavior is all you need. You can understand between
stimuli and responses (even complicated behaviors). Thinking is subvocal speech. founder of
infomercials.
B.F. Skinner ✔Correct Answer-Behaviorist. Took form of focusing on different kind of conditioning.
OPERANT CONDITIONING. Language is developed through operant conditioning. EVERYTHING IS
LEARNED. Everything can be predicted. If you know what kind of behaviors you want to have, you can
create your society by operant conditioning. (radical behaviorism). TRULY DENIED EXISTENCE OF
MIND. All stimuli and responses.
Operant conditioning ✔Correct Answer-conditioning in which an operant response is brought
under stimulus control by virtue of presenting reinforcement contingent upon the occurrence of the
operant response.
Classical conditioning ✔Correct Answer-conditioning that pairs a neutral stimulus with a stimulus
that evokes a reflex
Problem with behaviorism ✔Correct Answer-Behaviorist perspective can't account for the Limiting
1) Science limited to observable things is a bad idea. Whos's ever seen an electron? 2) creativity and
diversity of human behaviors. can't account for someone creating something totally new. Ex.
Language: Children learning the rules of language. Can take nonsense words and put an s for plural.
The child has a rule (mental state) that links s's to words. Children make grammatical mistakes.
There's no way the child was rewarded with that. if a child learning language can only produce
utterances they have heard before, we have no explanation for why a child producing the plural
version of a nonexistent word (like 'wug') will create the plural the same way they would with an
existent word (so they would produce 'wugs' and not 'snaf'). On the other hand, if you believe that
there is an underlying set of mental states / operations that creates plurals from singulars, you can
explain why the child will produce 'wugs'.Why do children make grammatical mistakes? They've
never been reinforced to say it.
Cognitivism. The cognitive approach ✔Correct Answer-After developments, (Computers, etc.)
Responses are still important. Take stimuli and responses, and infer what's going on in the mind. Use
observable data to make inferences.
Computational view of the mind ✔Correct Answer-mainstream underlying assumption: the mind is
somehow like a computer. Broad idea .. Takes information.. stores some of it.. keeps in temporary
memory RAM and then process it. INFORMATION PROCESSING PERSPECTIVE. information, processes
information ✔Correct Answer-1) sensory data - data receive from external world. 2)
representations - various kinds of memory.
sensory data ✔Correct Answer-data received from external world
representations ✔Correct Answer-1) procedural representations. (KNOWING HOW TO DO THINGS)
2)declarative representation Knowing "that" something is true
Answers |Actual Complete Exam |Already Graded A+
What is Cognitive Psychology? ✔Correct Answer-The scientific study of the human mind. The study
of structures and processes of the mind and brain that take in, transform, and use information.
Challenge of Cognitive psychology ✔Correct Answer-The mind is unobservable. You cannot
observe a mind. You can observe the stimulus and the products. "The mind is like a black box"
What cognitive psychologists can observe: ✔Correct Answer-Products, output of the mind:
behavior, physiology.
Three precursors to cognitive psychology ✔Correct Answer-Introspectionism (Structuralism),
Behaviorism, Functionalism
Introspectionism (Structuralism) ✔Correct Answer-Means to look inward. To understand the mind,
look inside and see the contents of the mind. What are the structures inside the mind that we can
observe by looking inward and thinking about we experience.
Wilhelm Wundt ✔Correct Answer-German who originated the school of psychology of
Introspectionism (Structuralism)
Edward Tichener ✔Correct Answer-(1896) Student of Wilhelm Wundt. (Introspectionist) cataloged
42,415 sensations.
Key problem with Introspectionism ✔Correct Answer-It isn't really like empirical science like
modern science. Difficult to verify objectively. Introspection by definition deal with private events..
You observe the end product and NOT the process itself. Hard to come up with a good detailed
understanding of what's going on in the mind.
Functionalism ✔Correct Answer-A reaction to structuralism (introspectionism) Result of people
being dissatisfied with structuralism. Natural evolution.. Arguing for scientific study of mind using
biology and physiology. Mind is evolved. Theres a reason why the mind does its things. What is the
purpose of the mind. How are we using it? What can it accomplish.
William James ✔Correct Answer-(1842-1910). Leader of functionalism movement. First person to
distinguish between STM and LTM.
John Dewey ✔Correct Answer-Leader of Pragmatist school. Subset of Fundamentalism.
Pragmatism ✔Correct Answer-Put knowledge to use. Applied psychology. EDUCATION. Developing
a practical use in the methods and ways of thinking of functionalist psychology. attribute of accepting
the facts of life and favoring practicality and literal truth
Progressive Education ✔Correct Answer-Ideas and practices with the objective to make school
teachings more effective for a democratic society.
Behaviorism ✔Correct Answer-Science of understanding behavior. Forget mind, mental processes.
Trying to understand behavior. An approach to psychology that emphasizes observable measurable
, behavior. Dominant school of thought for the 20th century. Emphasis on what can be directly
observed. Thirsty = "water deprived" operationally.
Ivan Pavlov ✔Correct Answer-Behaviorist. Discovered classical conditioning.
John Watson ✔Correct Answer-Pioneer of developing behaviorism. Systematic way of approaching
psychology through behaviorist perspective. Behavior is all you need. You can understand between
stimuli and responses (even complicated behaviors). Thinking is subvocal speech. founder of
infomercials.
B.F. Skinner ✔Correct Answer-Behaviorist. Took form of focusing on different kind of conditioning.
OPERANT CONDITIONING. Language is developed through operant conditioning. EVERYTHING IS
LEARNED. Everything can be predicted. If you know what kind of behaviors you want to have, you can
create your society by operant conditioning. (radical behaviorism). TRULY DENIED EXISTENCE OF
MIND. All stimuli and responses.
Operant conditioning ✔Correct Answer-conditioning in which an operant response is brought
under stimulus control by virtue of presenting reinforcement contingent upon the occurrence of the
operant response.
Classical conditioning ✔Correct Answer-conditioning that pairs a neutral stimulus with a stimulus
that evokes a reflex
Problem with behaviorism ✔Correct Answer-Behaviorist perspective can't account for the Limiting
1) Science limited to observable things is a bad idea. Whos's ever seen an electron? 2) creativity and
diversity of human behaviors. can't account for someone creating something totally new. Ex.
Language: Children learning the rules of language. Can take nonsense words and put an s for plural.
The child has a rule (mental state) that links s's to words. Children make grammatical mistakes.
There's no way the child was rewarded with that. if a child learning language can only produce
utterances they have heard before, we have no explanation for why a child producing the plural
version of a nonexistent word (like 'wug') will create the plural the same way they would with an
existent word (so they would produce 'wugs' and not 'snaf'). On the other hand, if you believe that
there is an underlying set of mental states / operations that creates plurals from singulars, you can
explain why the child will produce 'wugs'.Why do children make grammatical mistakes? They've
never been reinforced to say it.
Cognitivism. The cognitive approach ✔Correct Answer-After developments, (Computers, etc.)
Responses are still important. Take stimuli and responses, and infer what's going on in the mind. Use
observable data to make inferences.
Computational view of the mind ✔Correct Answer-mainstream underlying assumption: the mind is
somehow like a computer. Broad idea .. Takes information.. stores some of it.. keeps in temporary
memory RAM and then process it. INFORMATION PROCESSING PERSPECTIVE. information, processes
information ✔Correct Answer-1) sensory data - data receive from external world. 2)
representations - various kinds of memory.
sensory data ✔Correct Answer-data received from external world
representations ✔Correct Answer-1) procedural representations. (KNOWING HOW TO DO THINGS)
2)declarative representation Knowing "that" something is true
