KIN 222 EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
Research - ANSWER Careful, objective, systematic, structured process for solving
problems/ answering questions
The Scientific Method - ANSWER Step 1: understand the problem
Step 2: identify research question/ problem
Step 3: hypothesize
Step 4: plan methods
Step 5: collect data
Step 6: analyze data with statistical tools
Step 7: interpret/ discuss results
Step 8: draw conclusions from results
IV - ANSWER manipulated variable
DV - ANSWER measured variable
Pros and Cons of randomized Controlled Trial - ANSWER Pros = eliminates bias in
treatment, can make causal inferences,
Cons = results may not always reflect real-life
, Pros and Cons of Longitudinal (same subject over time) - ANSWER Pros = allows viewing
of changes over time, more likely to identify cause and effect
Cons = time consuming, expensive, loss of follow up
Pros and Cons of Case Study - ANSWER Pros = efficient for rare cases, cheap, not time
consuming
Cons = subject to selection/ observation bias
limitations - ANSWER I cannot control, yet they impact my data (subject compliance,
collection device accuracy)
delimitations - ANSWER I can control prior to my data collection (subject's age, testing
duration)
internal validity - ANSWER study is conducted under conditions so that findings can be
attributed to treatment and not a spurious variable
affected by limitations + delimitations
external validity - ANSWER the extent to which the experiment's results may be
generalized to the population
affected by lack of randomization
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
Research - ANSWER Careful, objective, systematic, structured process for solving
problems/ answering questions
The Scientific Method - ANSWER Step 1: understand the problem
Step 2: identify research question/ problem
Step 3: hypothesize
Step 4: plan methods
Step 5: collect data
Step 6: analyze data with statistical tools
Step 7: interpret/ discuss results
Step 8: draw conclusions from results
IV - ANSWER manipulated variable
DV - ANSWER measured variable
Pros and Cons of randomized Controlled Trial - ANSWER Pros = eliminates bias in
treatment, can make causal inferences,
Cons = results may not always reflect real-life
, Pros and Cons of Longitudinal (same subject over time) - ANSWER Pros = allows viewing
of changes over time, more likely to identify cause and effect
Cons = time consuming, expensive, loss of follow up
Pros and Cons of Case Study - ANSWER Pros = efficient for rare cases, cheap, not time
consuming
Cons = subject to selection/ observation bias
limitations - ANSWER I cannot control, yet they impact my data (subject compliance,
collection device accuracy)
delimitations - ANSWER I can control prior to my data collection (subject's age, testing
duration)
internal validity - ANSWER study is conducted under conditions so that findings can be
attributed to treatment and not a spurious variable
affected by limitations + delimitations
external validity - ANSWER the extent to which the experiment's results may be
generalized to the population
affected by lack of randomization
