BIOL121 / BIOL 121 Module 3 (Latest
Update ) Nutrition |
Questions & Answers | Grade A | 100%
Correct - Portage Learning
Plant circulation
Transport of:
- water & minerals from roots
- organic materials prod. by photosynthesis (sugars) from shoots (above ground part of
plant)
- hormones
Vessels:
- xylem: transports water & minerals
- phloem: transports organic materials
- circulatory fluid = water
Animal circulation
- carry nutrients and waste products
- carry O2 and CO2
- carry hormones and antibodies
- maintenance of body temp
Invertebrate circulatory systems
invertebrates like sponges, cnidarians (jex. jellyfish), etc. don't need a separate
circulatory system b/c their cells are close to outside environment (no need for long
,distance transport by circulatory system)
- sponges: water pumped by choanocytes through canals allow nutrients, oxygen, and
smaller organisms to come in contact w/ the cells and be captured
- jellyfish: have high SA to volume ratio so can exchange nutrients, gases, wastes etc.
by diffusion
open vs closed circulatory systems
Open: (ex. arthropods, mollusks) blood vessels (incomplete) are not a closed system;
exchange occurs b/t hemolymph & tissues then hemolymph is brought into blood
vessels that bring it back to the heart (in short: blood bathes organs in hemolymph)
- arthropod: blood from vessels empties into body fluid (hemolymph) & bathes the
organs then returns to heart through openings (ostia)
- mollusk: circ system brings blood to organs then flows out again; blood bathes organ
in hemolymph then gets collected in veins that bring blood back to heart
Closed: (ex. annelids/worms) blood is entirely kept in vessels; capillaries are site of
exchange of materials w/ tissue
- more control over blood flow speed & routing (needed for animals w/ high metabolic
demands)
Vertebrate Circulatory system
- shows diversity in environment
- Fish: 1 atria, 1 ventricle, resp/circ system is not separated, no low/high oxygen blood
mixing; no bypass (blood coming from heart won't bypass gills)
- lungfish: 2 atria, left receives from pulmonary blood, right from systemic blood, 1
,ventricle, there is separate resp/circ system, there is low/high O2 blood mixing, no direct
control of amt of blood pumping to body, blood can bypass the gills (has lungs; bypass
allows it breathe air in hypoxic water)
- Amphibian - 2 atria (right gets from systemic, left from pulmonary); 1 ventricle w/
low/high O2 blood mixing; separate resp/circ system; bypass is possible; skin circulation
allows underwater breathing; Double circulation as lungs evolved for land; Despite one
ventricle most of blood entering from left and right atria do not mix (some mixing
though). Most oxygenated blood = high pressure flow into systemic arteries
- Reptile - 2 atria (left receives pulmonary, right gets systemic); 2 ventricles partially
separated by septum (so low/high O2 blood mixing); Can bypass pulmonary circulation
during periods of low metabolism/breath holding (allows shutdown of flow to lungs when
underwater for long periods of time - hibernation/predation; just won't breathe)
- Mammal/bird - 2 atria (right gets systemic; left gets pulmonary); separate resp/circ
system; complete septum (no mixing of low/high O2 blood); can't bypass pulmonary
circulation; high metabolic need of endotherms -> separate system allows blood to
return to heart = full force of contraction to pump to body
Human Heart & Circulation
- 4 chambered heart (2 atria; 2 ventricles)
- blood from upper/lower body drains into right atrium through sup/inf vena cava ; right
atrium -> tricuspid valve (3 flaps) -> right ventricle -> pulmonary valve -> L & R
pulmonary arteries -> lungs (blood gets oxygenated) -> returns to heart by pulmonary
veins -> left atrium -> bicuspid/mitral valve (2 flaps) -> left ventricle -> aortic valve ->
aorta pumps blood to rest of body
, - AV valves: tri/bicuspid valves - prevent backflow of blood into atria when ventricles
contract
- Semilunar valves: pulmonary/aortic valves - prevent backflow of blood into ventricles
from arteries when ventricles relax
Valves operate according to pressure differences
Semilunar valves: ventricles to arteries
Atrioventricular: atria to ventricles
- when ventricle pressure increases & it contracts, papillary muscles pull on chordae
tendineae which stretch & AV valve closes
- ventricle contracting: AV valves close, SL valves open
- ventricle relaxed: SL valves close; AV valves open for filling (b/c low pressure)
** valves don't actively open/close, they are passively opened/closed by the pressure
differences on either side of them
**valves closing causes lub dub sound of heart; lub (1st) is caused by AV valves
closing, dub (2nd) is caused by SL valves closing
The cardiac cycle
cycle of contraction and relaxation of the heart to bring in/pump out blood to pulmonary
& systemic circulation
- 3 measurements: pressure in LV, pressure in aorta, volume in LV (over 1s period aka
about 1 cardiac cycle)
Update ) Nutrition |
Questions & Answers | Grade A | 100%
Correct - Portage Learning
Plant circulation
Transport of:
- water & minerals from roots
- organic materials prod. by photosynthesis (sugars) from shoots (above ground part of
plant)
- hormones
Vessels:
- xylem: transports water & minerals
- phloem: transports organic materials
- circulatory fluid = water
Animal circulation
- carry nutrients and waste products
- carry O2 and CO2
- carry hormones and antibodies
- maintenance of body temp
Invertebrate circulatory systems
invertebrates like sponges, cnidarians (jex. jellyfish), etc. don't need a separate
circulatory system b/c their cells are close to outside environment (no need for long
,distance transport by circulatory system)
- sponges: water pumped by choanocytes through canals allow nutrients, oxygen, and
smaller organisms to come in contact w/ the cells and be captured
- jellyfish: have high SA to volume ratio so can exchange nutrients, gases, wastes etc.
by diffusion
open vs closed circulatory systems
Open: (ex. arthropods, mollusks) blood vessels (incomplete) are not a closed system;
exchange occurs b/t hemolymph & tissues then hemolymph is brought into blood
vessels that bring it back to the heart (in short: blood bathes organs in hemolymph)
- arthropod: blood from vessels empties into body fluid (hemolymph) & bathes the
organs then returns to heart through openings (ostia)
- mollusk: circ system brings blood to organs then flows out again; blood bathes organ
in hemolymph then gets collected in veins that bring blood back to heart
Closed: (ex. annelids/worms) blood is entirely kept in vessels; capillaries are site of
exchange of materials w/ tissue
- more control over blood flow speed & routing (needed for animals w/ high metabolic
demands)
Vertebrate Circulatory system
- shows diversity in environment
- Fish: 1 atria, 1 ventricle, resp/circ system is not separated, no low/high oxygen blood
mixing; no bypass (blood coming from heart won't bypass gills)
- lungfish: 2 atria, left receives from pulmonary blood, right from systemic blood, 1
,ventricle, there is separate resp/circ system, there is low/high O2 blood mixing, no direct
control of amt of blood pumping to body, blood can bypass the gills (has lungs; bypass
allows it breathe air in hypoxic water)
- Amphibian - 2 atria (right gets from systemic, left from pulmonary); 1 ventricle w/
low/high O2 blood mixing; separate resp/circ system; bypass is possible; skin circulation
allows underwater breathing; Double circulation as lungs evolved for land; Despite one
ventricle most of blood entering from left and right atria do not mix (some mixing
though). Most oxygenated blood = high pressure flow into systemic arteries
- Reptile - 2 atria (left receives pulmonary, right gets systemic); 2 ventricles partially
separated by septum (so low/high O2 blood mixing); Can bypass pulmonary circulation
during periods of low metabolism/breath holding (allows shutdown of flow to lungs when
underwater for long periods of time - hibernation/predation; just won't breathe)
- Mammal/bird - 2 atria (right gets systemic; left gets pulmonary); separate resp/circ
system; complete septum (no mixing of low/high O2 blood); can't bypass pulmonary
circulation; high metabolic need of endotherms -> separate system allows blood to
return to heart = full force of contraction to pump to body
Human Heart & Circulation
- 4 chambered heart (2 atria; 2 ventricles)
- blood from upper/lower body drains into right atrium through sup/inf vena cava ; right
atrium -> tricuspid valve (3 flaps) -> right ventricle -> pulmonary valve -> L & R
pulmonary arteries -> lungs (blood gets oxygenated) -> returns to heart by pulmonary
veins -> left atrium -> bicuspid/mitral valve (2 flaps) -> left ventricle -> aortic valve ->
aorta pumps blood to rest of body
, - AV valves: tri/bicuspid valves - prevent backflow of blood into atria when ventricles
contract
- Semilunar valves: pulmonary/aortic valves - prevent backflow of blood into ventricles
from arteries when ventricles relax
Valves operate according to pressure differences
Semilunar valves: ventricles to arteries
Atrioventricular: atria to ventricles
- when ventricle pressure increases & it contracts, papillary muscles pull on chordae
tendineae which stretch & AV valve closes
- ventricle contracting: AV valves close, SL valves open
- ventricle relaxed: SL valves close; AV valves open for filling (b/c low pressure)
** valves don't actively open/close, they are passively opened/closed by the pressure
differences on either side of them
**valves closing causes lub dub sound of heart; lub (1st) is caused by AV valves
closing, dub (2nd) is caused by SL valves closing
The cardiac cycle
cycle of contraction and relaxation of the heart to bring in/pump out blood to pulmonary
& systemic circulation
- 3 measurements: pressure in LV, pressure in aorta, volume in LV (over 1s period aka
about 1 cardiac cycle)
