CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY AND
SEROLOGY EXAM 1 QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS (NEW
REVISION)
Definition of immunity - ANS -resistance to disease
Causes of immune deficiency - ANS -AIDS, newborns, elderly, leukemia, lymphoma,
chemotherapy, radiation therapy
nonspecific immunity (natural, innate) - ANS -the first line of defense. Many microorganisms are
not able to pass through this defense system and initiate an infection
specific immunity (adaptive, acquired) - ANS -defense unique for each microbe
immunologic memory is established by ______________ so that the body is resistant to
reinfection by the same microorganism - ANS -specific immunity
components of specific immunity
soluble factors- - ANS -found in the fluid portion of the blood, the plasma, or serum
components of specific immunity
cellular elements- - ANS -primarily white blood cells
,nonspecific immunity is present when - ANS -at birth
is previous exposure required to initiate a response when dealing with nonspecific immunity -
ANS -no
when dealing with nonspecific immunity repeated exposure - ANS -does not increase
responsiveness
nonspecific immunity can be effective against many different types of - ANS -unlrelated
organsims
is lymphocyte activation required to initiate specific immunity - ANS -no
components of nonspecific immunity include - ANS -a. non-susceptibility f. phagocytosis
b. epithelial barriers g. acid pH of the stomach
c. antibacterial agents h. normal flora
d. inflammation i. cilia
e. complement j. fever
species specificity - ANS -some pathogens are species specific
there are some ________ __________ between species - ANS -physiologic differences (birds &
body temp)
Duffy negative RBCs, Fy (a- b-), - ANS -are more resistant to infection with Plasmodium vivax
(malaria)
, sickle cell disease- - ANS -more resistant to malaria
three factors that may increase susceptibility to infection - ANS -age (newborns & elderly)
hormonal influences (diabetes, pregnancy)
malnourishment
epithelial barrier skin - ANS -forms a physical barrier against invasion, is the most important
non-specific, external defense
mechanism of protection- desiccation(dryness) - ANS -inhibits moisture loving fungi
mechanism of protection-desquamation (shedding) - ANS -the dead outer layer of skin is
constantly being shed and replaced so surface bacteria are eliminated
mechanism of protection- a. fatty acids from sebaceous glands are - ANS -bactericidal and
fungicidal
epithelial barrier- mucosal surfaces - ANS -are protected by a viscous secretion called mucus
(glycoproteins & lipoproteins). Mucus prevents attachment of microbes to living cells of the
epithelium
epithelial barrier- nasal hairs - ANS -filter out large inhaled particles
epithelial barrier- ciliated epithelial cells - ANS -cilia that wave upward toward the pharynx.
Particles that pass nasal hair are trapped in the mucus which is moved up the pharynx and are
swallowed, coughed, or spit out
SEROLOGY EXAM 1 QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS (NEW
REVISION)
Definition of immunity - ANS -resistance to disease
Causes of immune deficiency - ANS -AIDS, newborns, elderly, leukemia, lymphoma,
chemotherapy, radiation therapy
nonspecific immunity (natural, innate) - ANS -the first line of defense. Many microorganisms are
not able to pass through this defense system and initiate an infection
specific immunity (adaptive, acquired) - ANS -defense unique for each microbe
immunologic memory is established by ______________ so that the body is resistant to
reinfection by the same microorganism - ANS -specific immunity
components of specific immunity
soluble factors- - ANS -found in the fluid portion of the blood, the plasma, or serum
components of specific immunity
cellular elements- - ANS -primarily white blood cells
,nonspecific immunity is present when - ANS -at birth
is previous exposure required to initiate a response when dealing with nonspecific immunity -
ANS -no
when dealing with nonspecific immunity repeated exposure - ANS -does not increase
responsiveness
nonspecific immunity can be effective against many different types of - ANS -unlrelated
organsims
is lymphocyte activation required to initiate specific immunity - ANS -no
components of nonspecific immunity include - ANS -a. non-susceptibility f. phagocytosis
b. epithelial barriers g. acid pH of the stomach
c. antibacterial agents h. normal flora
d. inflammation i. cilia
e. complement j. fever
species specificity - ANS -some pathogens are species specific
there are some ________ __________ between species - ANS -physiologic differences (birds &
body temp)
Duffy negative RBCs, Fy (a- b-), - ANS -are more resistant to infection with Plasmodium vivax
(malaria)
, sickle cell disease- - ANS -more resistant to malaria
three factors that may increase susceptibility to infection - ANS -age (newborns & elderly)
hormonal influences (diabetes, pregnancy)
malnourishment
epithelial barrier skin - ANS -forms a physical barrier against invasion, is the most important
non-specific, external defense
mechanism of protection- desiccation(dryness) - ANS -inhibits moisture loving fungi
mechanism of protection-desquamation (shedding) - ANS -the dead outer layer of skin is
constantly being shed and replaced so surface bacteria are eliminated
mechanism of protection- a. fatty acids from sebaceous glands are - ANS -bactericidal and
fungicidal
epithelial barrier- mucosal surfaces - ANS -are protected by a viscous secretion called mucus
(glycoproteins & lipoproteins). Mucus prevents attachment of microbes to living cells of the
epithelium
epithelial barrier- nasal hairs - ANS -filter out large inhaled particles
epithelial barrier- ciliated epithelial cells - ANS -cilia that wave upward toward the pharynx.
Particles that pass nasal hair are trapped in the mucus which is moved up the pharynx and are
swallowed, coughed, or spit out
