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NURSING NR 326
MENTAL - HEALTH-
EXAM-1 Mental health &
Mental 2) MENTAL
HEALTH EXAM 1 BEST
STUDY GUIDE
Mental health & Mental illness (2) (CHAPTER 2)
• Theories of Mental health (4)
• Personality is defined as
“the characteristic way in which a person thinks, feels, and behaves; the ind pattern of
behavior that each person evolves, both consciously and unconsciously, as his or her style of life
or way of being.”
• Life-cycle developmentalists believe that people continue to develop and change
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throughout life, thereby suggesting the possibility for renewal and
growth in adults.
• Stages are identified by age. However, personality is influenced by temperament (inborn
personality characteristics) and the environment.
• It is possible for behaviors from an unsuccessfully completed stage to be modified and
corrected in a later stage.
• Stages overlap, and individuals may be working on tasks from more than one stage at a
time.
• Individuals may become fixed in a certain stage and remain developmentally delayed.
• Personality disorders occur when personality traits become inflexible and personality
functioning becomes individually and interpersonally impaired.
o Psychoanalytic Theory
▪ Sigmund Freud, who has been called the father of psychiatry, is
credited as the first to identify development by stages. He considered
the first 5 years of a child's life to be the most important, because he
believed that an individual's basic character had been formed by
the age of 5.
▪ Freud's personality theory can be conceptualized according to
structure and dynamics of the personality,
topography of the mind, and stages of personality development.
▪ Freud organized the structure of the personality into three major
components: the id, ego, and superego. They are distinguished by
their unique functions and different characteristics.
• Id
• Ego
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o The id is the locus of
instinctual drives—the o The ego, also called the rational self or the “reality
“pleasure principle.” principle,” begins to develop between the ages of 4 and 6
Present at birth, it months. The ego experiences the reality of the external
endows the infant with world, adapts to it, and responds to it. As the ego
instinctual drives that develops and gains strength, it seeks to bring the
seek to satisfy needs influences of the external world to bear upon the id, to
and achieve immediate substitute the reality principle for the pleasure principle. A
gratification. Id-driven primary function of the ego is one of mediator; that is, to
behaviors are impulsive maintain harmony among the external world, the id, and
and may be irrational. the superego.
• Superego
o If the id is identified as the pleasure principle, and the
ego the reality principle, the superego might be referred
to as the “perfection principle.” The superego, which
develops between ages 3 and 6 years, internalizes the
values and morals set forth by primary caregivers.
Derived out of a system of rewards and punishments, the
superego is composed of two major components: the
ego-idealand the conscience. When a child is consistently
rewarded for “good” behavior, the self-esteem is
enhanced, and the behavior becomes part of the ego-
ideal; that is, it is internalized as part of his or her value
system. The conscience is formed when the child is
punished consistently for “bad” behavior. The child learns
what is considered morally right or wrong from feedback
received from parental figures and from society or
ge 3 of 139
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culture. When moral and ethical principles or even
internalized ideals and values are disregarded, the
conscience generates a feeling of guilt within the
individual. The superego is important in the socialization
of the individual because it assists the ego in the control
of id impulses. When the superego becomes rigid and
punitive, problems with low self-confidence and low self-
esteem arise.
▪ Freud classified all mental contents and operations into three
categories: the conscious, the preconscious, and the unconscious.
Topography of the Mind
• The conscious includes all memories that remain within an
individual's awareness. It is the smallest of the three
categories. Events and experiences that are easily
remembered or retrieved are considered to be within one's
conscious awareness. Examples include telephone numbers,
birthdays of self and significant others, the dates of special
holidays, and what one had for lunch today. The conscious
mind is thought to be under the control of the ego, the
rational and logical structure of the personality.
ge 4 of 139
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NR 326 MENTAL-
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NURSING NR 326
MENTAL - HEALTH-
EXAM-1 Mental health &
Mental 2) MENTAL
HEALTH EXAM 1 BEST
STUDY GUIDE
Mental health & Mental illness (2) (CHAPTER 2)
• Theories of Mental health (4)
• Personality is defined as
“the characteristic way in which a person thinks, feels, and behaves; the ind pattern of
behavior that each person evolves, both consciously and unconsciously, as his or her style of life
or way of being.”
• Life-cycle developmentalists believe that people continue to develop and change
ge 1 of 139
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,NURSING
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2 ofMENTAL-
HEALTH-EXAM-1
139| Complete
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HEALTH EXAM
HEALTH
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throughout life, thereby suggesting the possibility for renewal and
growth in adults.
• Stages are identified by age. However, personality is influenced by temperament (inborn
personality characteristics) and the environment.
• It is possible for behaviors from an unsuccessfully completed stage to be modified and
corrected in a later stage.
• Stages overlap, and individuals may be working on tasks from more than one stage at a
time.
• Individuals may become fixed in a certain stage and remain developmentally delayed.
• Personality disorders occur when personality traits become inflexible and personality
functioning becomes individually and interpersonally impaired.
o Psychoanalytic Theory
▪ Sigmund Freud, who has been called the father of psychiatry, is
credited as the first to identify development by stages. He considered
the first 5 years of a child's life to be the most important, because he
believed that an individual's basic character had been formed by
the age of 5.
▪ Freud's personality theory can be conceptualized according to
structure and dynamics of the personality,
topography of the mind, and stages of personality development.
▪ Freud organized the structure of the personality into three major
components: the id, ego, and superego. They are distinguished by
their unique functions and different characteristics.
• Id
• Ego
ge 2 of 139
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o The id is the locus of
instinctual drives—the o The ego, also called the rational self or the “reality
“pleasure principle.” principle,” begins to develop between the ages of 4 and 6
Present at birth, it months. The ego experiences the reality of the external
endows the infant with world, adapts to it, and responds to it. As the ego
instinctual drives that develops and gains strength, it seeks to bring the
seek to satisfy needs influences of the external world to bear upon the id, to
and achieve immediate substitute the reality principle for the pleasure principle. A
gratification. Id-driven primary function of the ego is one of mediator; that is, to
behaviors are impulsive maintain harmony among the external world, the id, and
and may be irrational. the superego.
• Superego
o If the id is identified as the pleasure principle, and the
ego the reality principle, the superego might be referred
to as the “perfection principle.” The superego, which
develops between ages 3 and 6 years, internalizes the
values and morals set forth by primary caregivers.
Derived out of a system of rewards and punishments, the
superego is composed of two major components: the
ego-idealand the conscience. When a child is consistently
rewarded for “good” behavior, the self-esteem is
enhanced, and the behavior becomes part of the ego-
ideal; that is, it is internalized as part of his or her value
system. The conscience is formed when the child is
punished consistently for “bad” behavior. The child learns
what is considered morally right or wrong from feedback
received from parental figures and from society or
ge 3 of 139
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4 ofMENTAL-
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139| Complete
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culture. When moral and ethical principles or even
internalized ideals and values are disregarded, the
conscience generates a feeling of guilt within the
individual. The superego is important in the socialization
of the individual because it assists the ego in the control
of id impulses. When the superego becomes rigid and
punitive, problems with low self-confidence and low self-
esteem arise.
▪ Freud classified all mental contents and operations into three
categories: the conscious, the preconscious, and the unconscious.
Topography of the Mind
• The conscious includes all memories that remain within an
individual's awareness. It is the smallest of the three
categories. Events and experiences that are easily
remembered or retrieved are considered to be within one's
conscious awareness. Examples include telephone numbers,
birthdays of self and significant others, the dates of special
holidays, and what one had for lunch today. The conscious
mind is thought to be under the control of the ego, the
rational and logical structure of the personality.
ge 4 of 139
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