MICROBIOLOGY FUNDAMENTALS A CLINICAL
APPROACH FINAL PAPER 2026 ACTUAL EXAM
QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
◉ robert hooke. Answer: first compound microscope, observe mold
filaments, coined term cell
◉ antonie van leeuwenhoek. Answer: single lens magnifier, first to
observe single-celled microbes, called them animalcules
◉ spontaneous generation. Answer: false theory that microbes arise
spontaneously (without parents), disproven by lazzaro spallanzani
◉ bassi de lodi. Answer: germ theory
◉ disprove spontaneous generation. Answer: heat sterilization
prevented microbial growth
◉ Louis Pasteur. Answer: microbial basis of fermentation, in absence
of O2 yeast produces alcohol but when contaminated with bacteria
produce acetic acid (vinegar)
,◉ Pasteur swan neck flask. Answer: after boiling contents remain
free of microbial growth despite access to air (oxygen doesnt enable
spontaneous generation)
◉ john tyndall. Answer: have to use repeated cycles of heat to kill
spores
◉ robert koch. Answer: used pure culture to study single species in
isolation. have to have pure culture to prove bacterium caused a
specific disease
◉ Hess. Answer: solid medium with agar
◉ Kochs postulates. Answer: 1. microbe always present in diseased
host and absent in healthy
2. microbe is isolated from diseased host and grown in pure culture
(no other present)
3. introduce pure microbe into healthy host (becomes sick)
4. same microbe re-isolated from sick individual
◉ Edward Jenner. Answer: vaccination, cowpox to prevent smallpox
◉ Louis Pasteur (vaccinations). Answer: developed first vaccines
using weakened strains
, ◉ immunization. Answer: stimulation of immune response by
deliberate inoculation
◉ ignaz semmelweiz. Answer: wash hands with antiseptic (chlorine)
◉ francesco redi. Answer: controlled experiments to disprove
spontaneous generation (meat and flies/maggots)
◉ joseph lister. Answer: carbolic acid (phenol) to treat woulds and
clean surgical instruments
◉ alexander fleming. Answer: discovered penicillium mold makes
substance that kills bacteria
◉ florey and chain. Answer: purified penicillin, first commercial
antibiotic
◉ Dimitri Ivanovsky. Answer: viruses can pass through filter that
blocks bacteria
◉ Sergei Winogradsky. Answer: discovered Beggiatoa oxidizes H2S,
discovered chemolithotrophs, developed enrichment cultures
(selective media) called winogradsky column
APPROACH FINAL PAPER 2026 ACTUAL EXAM
QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
◉ robert hooke. Answer: first compound microscope, observe mold
filaments, coined term cell
◉ antonie van leeuwenhoek. Answer: single lens magnifier, first to
observe single-celled microbes, called them animalcules
◉ spontaneous generation. Answer: false theory that microbes arise
spontaneously (without parents), disproven by lazzaro spallanzani
◉ bassi de lodi. Answer: germ theory
◉ disprove spontaneous generation. Answer: heat sterilization
prevented microbial growth
◉ Louis Pasteur. Answer: microbial basis of fermentation, in absence
of O2 yeast produces alcohol but when contaminated with bacteria
produce acetic acid (vinegar)
,◉ Pasteur swan neck flask. Answer: after boiling contents remain
free of microbial growth despite access to air (oxygen doesnt enable
spontaneous generation)
◉ john tyndall. Answer: have to use repeated cycles of heat to kill
spores
◉ robert koch. Answer: used pure culture to study single species in
isolation. have to have pure culture to prove bacterium caused a
specific disease
◉ Hess. Answer: solid medium with agar
◉ Kochs postulates. Answer: 1. microbe always present in diseased
host and absent in healthy
2. microbe is isolated from diseased host and grown in pure culture
(no other present)
3. introduce pure microbe into healthy host (becomes sick)
4. same microbe re-isolated from sick individual
◉ Edward Jenner. Answer: vaccination, cowpox to prevent smallpox
◉ Louis Pasteur (vaccinations). Answer: developed first vaccines
using weakened strains
, ◉ immunization. Answer: stimulation of immune response by
deliberate inoculation
◉ ignaz semmelweiz. Answer: wash hands with antiseptic (chlorine)
◉ francesco redi. Answer: controlled experiments to disprove
spontaneous generation (meat and flies/maggots)
◉ joseph lister. Answer: carbolic acid (phenol) to treat woulds and
clean surgical instruments
◉ alexander fleming. Answer: discovered penicillium mold makes
substance that kills bacteria
◉ florey and chain. Answer: purified penicillin, first commercial
antibiotic
◉ Dimitri Ivanovsky. Answer: viruses can pass through filter that
blocks bacteria
◉ Sergei Winogradsky. Answer: discovered Beggiatoa oxidizes H2S,
discovered chemolithotrophs, developed enrichment cultures
(selective media) called winogradsky column
