NURS 753 Final Exam Study Guide
Questions With Correct Answers
What |is |innate |immunity? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-provides |immediate |protection |and |is |
nonspecific, |meaning |it |provides |protection |against |all |invaders.
What |is |adaptative |immunity? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Can |take |7-10 |days |to |provide |
protection, |but |it |is |specific |to |the |antigens.
What |is |antigen? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-a |foreign |agent |that |triggers |the |production |of |
antibodies |by |the |immune |system
What |is |antibody |(immunoglobulin)? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-a |protein |used |by |the |immune |
system |to |identify |and |neutralized |foreign |agents, |such |as |viruses |and |bacteria
What |is |autoantibody? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-an |antibody |made |by |the |immune |system |that
|attacks |an |individual's |own |proteins
What |is |lysozyme? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-an |enzyme |that |dissolves |bacterial |cell |walls.
What |is |pyrogens? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Molecules |that |cause |the |systemic |response |of |
fever
What |is |Humoral |immunity? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-interaction |to |produce |antibodies |against
|the |antigen |(B-Cell |function |or |humoral |immunity)
,What |is |cell-mediated |immunity? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-is |the |main |mechanism |by |which |
the |body |fights |the |tubercle |bacillus |and |starts |a |few |weeks |after |infection.
What |is |Human |Leukocyte |antigen |system? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-known |as |major |
histocompatibility |complex |(MHC) |in |humans, |HLA |system |as |the |genes |are |expressed |on |the |
surface |of |the |WBC.
What |is |alloimmunity? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Four |types |of |tissue |transplants |are |possible—
allogeneic, |syngeneic, |autologous, |and |xenogenic.
§ |Allogeneic |transplants |are |those |in |which |the |tissue |used |is |from |the |same |species |and |is |of |
similar |tissue |type, |but |it |is |not |identical.
What |is |autoimmunity? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Failure |of |central |and |peripheral |tolerance, |
sequestration, |and |regulatory |mechanisms
§ |Central |tolerance |occurs |in |primary |lymphoid |tissue |(thymus |for |T |cells |and |bone |marrow |for
|B |cells) |when |lymphocytes |are |maturing. |With |central |tolerance, |B |or |T |cells |that |are |
autoreactive |(bind |to |self) |are |destroyed |or |suppressed.
§ |In |the |secondary |lymphoid |tissue |(e.g., |lymph |nodes, |spleen) |where |B |and |T |cells |migrate, |
peripheral |tolerance |and |self-antigens |are |simply |not |recognized.
§ |In |normal |immunity, |self-antigens |are |often |sequestered, |and |the |immune |system |has |
regulatory |mechanisms |that |limit |the |degree |of |immune |reactivity
§ |Exogenous |triggers |or |endogenous |abnormalities
What |is |allogenic? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Those |in |which |tissue |used |is |from |the |same |
species |and |is |of |similar |tissue |type |but |it |is |not |identical. |Most |transplants |are |allogenic.
What |is |autologous? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-hosts |and |donor |are |the |same |person |for |
transplants.
,DESCRIBE |THE |PROCESS |OF |THE |LOCAL |INFLAMMATORY |RESPONSE |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-o |
The |same |sequence |of |response |occurs |no |matter |the |type |of |injury |or |prior |exposure |as |
there |is |no |memory |involved.
o |Part |of |the |body's |innate |immunity |and |is |non-discriminatory.
o |When |cells |and |body |tissues |are |injured, |regardless |of |the |cause, |the |inflammatory |response
|is |triggered.
Describe |the |Acute |phase |of |inflammation |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Starts |immediately |after |
the |injury |and |continues |until |the |threat |is |eliminated |(hours |to |days)
Describe |the |chronic |phase |of |inflammation |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-o |Takes |over |until |healing
|and |repair |are |complete |(weeks |or |months).
o |Both |acute |and |chronic |inflammation |lead |to |local |and |systemic |effects
·WHICH |CELL |DRIVES |THE |LOCAL |INFLAMMATORY |RESPONSE? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Driven |
by |mast |cells.
HOW |IS |FEVER |DIFFERENTIATED |FROM |HYPERTHERMIA? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Fever |is |
distinguished |from |other |forms |of |hyperthermia |(heat |stroke, |malignant |hyperthermia) |
because |the |body |temperature |increase |is |regulated, |and |thermoregulatory |mechanisms |of |
heating |and |cooling |are |functioning. |Hyperthermia |from |heat |stroke |involves |a |dysfunctional |
unregulated |increase |in |temperature |along |with |an |inability |of |the |body |to |cool |itself. |
Hypothalamus |is |not |reset |in |hyperthermia, |it's |just |a |response |from |an |external |factor.
WHAT |IS |THE |FUNCTION |OF |INTERFERONS |IN |INNATE |IMMUNITY? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-o |
Interferons |do |not |protect |cells |already |infected |by |a |virus |but |rather |stop |the |spread |of |the |
virus |to |new |cells. |
o |The |binding |of |interferons |to |uninfected |cells |triggers |the |synthesis |of |enzymes |that |inhibit |
viral |replication.
, FUNCTION |OF |COMPLEMENT |SYSTEM |RELATED |TO |INNATE |IMMUNITY |- |CORRECT |
ANSWER✔✔-Process |that |involves |approximately |20 |blood |plasma |proteins |and |enhances |the |
action |of |antibodies. |Complement |proteins |circulate |in |the |blood |in |an |inactive |state.
FUNCTION |OF |CLOTTING |SYSTEM |RELATED |TO |INNATE |IMMUNITY |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-is |
activated |during |infection |and |injury. |Ultimately |participates |in |the |inflammatory |response |by |
attracting |(chemotaxis) |neutrophils |to |the |site |of |injury |and |causing |increased |vascular |
permeability.
FUNCTION |OF |KININ |SYSTEM |RELATED |TO |INNATE |IMMUNITY |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-
Activation |primarily |leads |to |the |development |of |bradykinin. |Bradykinin |causes |pain, |increased
|vascular |permeability |through |vasodilation, |neutrophil |recruitment, |and |smooth |muscle |
contraction |(bronchoconstriction).
WHY |DO |GRANULOMAS |FORM |IN |CHRONIC |INFLAMMATION? |HOW |IS |THIS |DIFFERENT |FROM |
GRANULATION |TISSUE? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-o |This |phase |usually |occurs |because |the |
acute |response |was |not |effective |in |eliminating |or |repairing |the |injury |or |infection.
o |Granuloma |formation |is |not |to |be |confused |with |granulation |tissue |development |which |is |a |
step-in |tissue |repair. |Granulation |tissue |is |a |mixture |of |new |vasculature |and |fibroblasts, |which |
produces |connective |tissue |fibers |and |collagen.
DIFFERENTIATE |THE |FUNCTIONS |OF |T |CELLS |IN |ADAPTIVE |IMMUNITY |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-
§ |T |Cells |(cellular) |destroy |the |antigen. |
T |cells |are |responsible |for |hypersensitivity |reactions |and |transplant |rejection. |Helper |cells |can |
further |be |subdivided |into |T-helper |(Th) |1 |and |Th |2. |The |Th |2 |cells |activate, |or |call |up, |B |cells |
to |produce |antibodies |while |the |Th |1 |cells |are |involved |in |the |inflammatory |process |and |the |
activation |of |macrophages.
DIFFERENTIATE |THE |FUNCTIONS |OF |B |CELLS |IN |ADAPTIVE |IMMUNITY |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-
B |Cells |(humoral) |produce |antibodies |against |the |antigen
· |B |cells |mature |in |the |bone |marrow |where |they |differentiate |into |either |memory |cells |or |
plasma |cells
Questions With Correct Answers
What |is |innate |immunity? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-provides |immediate |protection |and |is |
nonspecific, |meaning |it |provides |protection |against |all |invaders.
What |is |adaptative |immunity? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Can |take |7-10 |days |to |provide |
protection, |but |it |is |specific |to |the |antigens.
What |is |antigen? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-a |foreign |agent |that |triggers |the |production |of |
antibodies |by |the |immune |system
What |is |antibody |(immunoglobulin)? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-a |protein |used |by |the |immune |
system |to |identify |and |neutralized |foreign |agents, |such |as |viruses |and |bacteria
What |is |autoantibody? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-an |antibody |made |by |the |immune |system |that
|attacks |an |individual's |own |proteins
What |is |lysozyme? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-an |enzyme |that |dissolves |bacterial |cell |walls.
What |is |pyrogens? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Molecules |that |cause |the |systemic |response |of |
fever
What |is |Humoral |immunity? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-interaction |to |produce |antibodies |against
|the |antigen |(B-Cell |function |or |humoral |immunity)
,What |is |cell-mediated |immunity? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-is |the |main |mechanism |by |which |
the |body |fights |the |tubercle |bacillus |and |starts |a |few |weeks |after |infection.
What |is |Human |Leukocyte |antigen |system? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-known |as |major |
histocompatibility |complex |(MHC) |in |humans, |HLA |system |as |the |genes |are |expressed |on |the |
surface |of |the |WBC.
What |is |alloimmunity? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Four |types |of |tissue |transplants |are |possible—
allogeneic, |syngeneic, |autologous, |and |xenogenic.
§ |Allogeneic |transplants |are |those |in |which |the |tissue |used |is |from |the |same |species |and |is |of |
similar |tissue |type, |but |it |is |not |identical.
What |is |autoimmunity? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Failure |of |central |and |peripheral |tolerance, |
sequestration, |and |regulatory |mechanisms
§ |Central |tolerance |occurs |in |primary |lymphoid |tissue |(thymus |for |T |cells |and |bone |marrow |for
|B |cells) |when |lymphocytes |are |maturing. |With |central |tolerance, |B |or |T |cells |that |are |
autoreactive |(bind |to |self) |are |destroyed |or |suppressed.
§ |In |the |secondary |lymphoid |tissue |(e.g., |lymph |nodes, |spleen) |where |B |and |T |cells |migrate, |
peripheral |tolerance |and |self-antigens |are |simply |not |recognized.
§ |In |normal |immunity, |self-antigens |are |often |sequestered, |and |the |immune |system |has |
regulatory |mechanisms |that |limit |the |degree |of |immune |reactivity
§ |Exogenous |triggers |or |endogenous |abnormalities
What |is |allogenic? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Those |in |which |tissue |used |is |from |the |same |
species |and |is |of |similar |tissue |type |but |it |is |not |identical. |Most |transplants |are |allogenic.
What |is |autologous? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-hosts |and |donor |are |the |same |person |for |
transplants.
,DESCRIBE |THE |PROCESS |OF |THE |LOCAL |INFLAMMATORY |RESPONSE |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-o |
The |same |sequence |of |response |occurs |no |matter |the |type |of |injury |or |prior |exposure |as |
there |is |no |memory |involved.
o |Part |of |the |body's |innate |immunity |and |is |non-discriminatory.
o |When |cells |and |body |tissues |are |injured, |regardless |of |the |cause, |the |inflammatory |response
|is |triggered.
Describe |the |Acute |phase |of |inflammation |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Starts |immediately |after |
the |injury |and |continues |until |the |threat |is |eliminated |(hours |to |days)
Describe |the |chronic |phase |of |inflammation |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-o |Takes |over |until |healing
|and |repair |are |complete |(weeks |or |months).
o |Both |acute |and |chronic |inflammation |lead |to |local |and |systemic |effects
·WHICH |CELL |DRIVES |THE |LOCAL |INFLAMMATORY |RESPONSE? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Driven |
by |mast |cells.
HOW |IS |FEVER |DIFFERENTIATED |FROM |HYPERTHERMIA? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Fever |is |
distinguished |from |other |forms |of |hyperthermia |(heat |stroke, |malignant |hyperthermia) |
because |the |body |temperature |increase |is |regulated, |and |thermoregulatory |mechanisms |of |
heating |and |cooling |are |functioning. |Hyperthermia |from |heat |stroke |involves |a |dysfunctional |
unregulated |increase |in |temperature |along |with |an |inability |of |the |body |to |cool |itself. |
Hypothalamus |is |not |reset |in |hyperthermia, |it's |just |a |response |from |an |external |factor.
WHAT |IS |THE |FUNCTION |OF |INTERFERONS |IN |INNATE |IMMUNITY? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-o |
Interferons |do |not |protect |cells |already |infected |by |a |virus |but |rather |stop |the |spread |of |the |
virus |to |new |cells. |
o |The |binding |of |interferons |to |uninfected |cells |triggers |the |synthesis |of |enzymes |that |inhibit |
viral |replication.
, FUNCTION |OF |COMPLEMENT |SYSTEM |RELATED |TO |INNATE |IMMUNITY |- |CORRECT |
ANSWER✔✔-Process |that |involves |approximately |20 |blood |plasma |proteins |and |enhances |the |
action |of |antibodies. |Complement |proteins |circulate |in |the |blood |in |an |inactive |state.
FUNCTION |OF |CLOTTING |SYSTEM |RELATED |TO |INNATE |IMMUNITY |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-is |
activated |during |infection |and |injury. |Ultimately |participates |in |the |inflammatory |response |by |
attracting |(chemotaxis) |neutrophils |to |the |site |of |injury |and |causing |increased |vascular |
permeability.
FUNCTION |OF |KININ |SYSTEM |RELATED |TO |INNATE |IMMUNITY |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-
Activation |primarily |leads |to |the |development |of |bradykinin. |Bradykinin |causes |pain, |increased
|vascular |permeability |through |vasodilation, |neutrophil |recruitment, |and |smooth |muscle |
contraction |(bronchoconstriction).
WHY |DO |GRANULOMAS |FORM |IN |CHRONIC |INFLAMMATION? |HOW |IS |THIS |DIFFERENT |FROM |
GRANULATION |TISSUE? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-o |This |phase |usually |occurs |because |the |
acute |response |was |not |effective |in |eliminating |or |repairing |the |injury |or |infection.
o |Granuloma |formation |is |not |to |be |confused |with |granulation |tissue |development |which |is |a |
step-in |tissue |repair. |Granulation |tissue |is |a |mixture |of |new |vasculature |and |fibroblasts, |which |
produces |connective |tissue |fibers |and |collagen.
DIFFERENTIATE |THE |FUNCTIONS |OF |T |CELLS |IN |ADAPTIVE |IMMUNITY |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-
§ |T |Cells |(cellular) |destroy |the |antigen. |
T |cells |are |responsible |for |hypersensitivity |reactions |and |transplant |rejection. |Helper |cells |can |
further |be |subdivided |into |T-helper |(Th) |1 |and |Th |2. |The |Th |2 |cells |activate, |or |call |up, |B |cells |
to |produce |antibodies |while |the |Th |1 |cells |are |involved |in |the |inflammatory |process |and |the |
activation |of |macrophages.
DIFFERENTIATE |THE |FUNCTIONS |OF |B |CELLS |IN |ADAPTIVE |IMMUNITY |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-
B |Cells |(humoral) |produce |antibodies |against |the |antigen
· |B |cells |mature |in |the |bone |marrow |where |they |differentiate |into |either |memory |cells |or |
plasma |cells
