MMSC 409 exam 1 Questions and Verified
Answers
immunohematology Correct Answer: the study of the immune aspects of
hematology to provide safe therapeutic blood products to patients
-antigens, antibodies, agglutination, hemolysis and blood groups
antigen (Ag) Correct Answer: a substance that is recognized by the body as being
foreign, which causes an immune response
-in blood banking Ags are mainly (but not exclusively found on the RBC membrane
-the reaction of Abs against foreign Ags in transfused blood is a common cause of
transfusion reactions
antibody (Ab) Correct Answer: a protein substance that is secreted by plasma cells
in response to an antigen
-Abs will only respond to the Ag that they are sensitized against
-Abs are found in the serum
-commerical Abs can be used for lab testing
-donated blood needs to be screened for Abs that will cause an attack of recipient
cells
hemolysis Correct Answer: the disruption of the RBC membrane, causing release of
hemoglobin into the plasma
-lysis of RBCs
-immunological transfusion reactions in the body can cause this process to occur
,agglutination Correct Answer: the clumping of RBCs (or other particulate) due to
interaction of antibodies with their corresponding antigen
-clumping that is caused by the interaction of antibodies
accuracy in blood banking Correct Answer: it is important that testing in blood
banks and transfusion labs are 100% accurate to avoid severe transfusion reactions
due to incompatability
-donated blood units need to be typed properly to ensure they are given to the right
patient
-recipients need to be typed properly to ensure they recieve the correct units of
blood
blood test at donor collection facility Correct Answer: -ABO and Rh typing
-infectious disease testing: syphillis, hepatitis B & C, AIDS/HIV, HTLV I & II, west
nile virus, Chagas disease (T. cruzi)
-ABO and Rh types reconfirmed
blood test at transfusion center Correct Answer: -reconfirmation of ABO type
(make sure it matches the label)
-pre-transfusion testing on patient: ABO, Rh type, antibody screen, crossmatch
American Red Cross (ARC) Correct Answer: provides many benefits to members
-disaster relief
-rare donor registry (find rare blood types)
-reference alb services
,Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Correct Answer: regulates all blood
component manufacturers, distributors and medical laboratories in the US
-provides licensure to all blood collection centers, and approves all methods and
products used for blood collection
-blood and blood products are pharmaceutricals and biologics
-center for biological evaluation and research (CBER) functions under them to
control blood collection and manufacturing of pharmacueticals
AABB Correct Answer: -write stands that blood collection centers and transfusion
centers must follow for testing
-voluntary accreditation of either people or facilities
-writes technical manuals
-ensures that standards for CMS (medicare and medicaid) are met
college of American pathologists (CAP) Correct Answer: -voluntary accreditation of
clinical laboratories
-administer proficiency testing for clinical laboratories
Joint Comission Correct Answer: offer voluntary inspection and accreditation of
institutions or specific units within an institution
past blood banking issues Correct Answer: -multiple blood groups: even with
knowing about ABO there were still transfusion reactions going on that lead to
discovery of other blood groups
-circulatory overload: people who only needed 1 component of blood were given
whole blood that gave an overload of cells and volume, leading to production of
apheresed products
, -blood storage and expiration: blood that was collected would expire really quickly
so research was need to figure out what would extend the shelf life
RBC membrane Correct Answer: -phospholipid bilayer containing glycolipids and
immunoproteins
-semipermeable
-integral proteins extend from the outside through the bilyaer and into the
cytoplasm
-peripheral proteins are present on internal side of the bilayer forming the
cytoskeleton
-protein cytoskeleton is a mesh that supports the bilayer
-spectrin is present in cytoskeleton and promotes flexibility of the RBC
spectrin Correct Answer: an important protein the cytoskeleton of RBCs that is
phosphorylated by ATP so that the cell remains flexible
deformability Correct Answer: flexibility of the RBC membrane
-spectrin proteins are responsible for keeping RBC flexible
-RBCs need to be flexible so they are able to pass through small blood vessels
-RBCs that lose this ability (low ATP= nonfunctional spectrin) will be broken down
in the spleen
permeability Correct Answer: ability of molecules to pass in and out of the RBC
membrane to maintain Na+ and K+ concentrations
-ATP powered pumps transport K+ into the cell and Na+ out of the cell
Answers
immunohematology Correct Answer: the study of the immune aspects of
hematology to provide safe therapeutic blood products to patients
-antigens, antibodies, agglutination, hemolysis and blood groups
antigen (Ag) Correct Answer: a substance that is recognized by the body as being
foreign, which causes an immune response
-in blood banking Ags are mainly (but not exclusively found on the RBC membrane
-the reaction of Abs against foreign Ags in transfused blood is a common cause of
transfusion reactions
antibody (Ab) Correct Answer: a protein substance that is secreted by plasma cells
in response to an antigen
-Abs will only respond to the Ag that they are sensitized against
-Abs are found in the serum
-commerical Abs can be used for lab testing
-donated blood needs to be screened for Abs that will cause an attack of recipient
cells
hemolysis Correct Answer: the disruption of the RBC membrane, causing release of
hemoglobin into the plasma
-lysis of RBCs
-immunological transfusion reactions in the body can cause this process to occur
,agglutination Correct Answer: the clumping of RBCs (or other particulate) due to
interaction of antibodies with their corresponding antigen
-clumping that is caused by the interaction of antibodies
accuracy in blood banking Correct Answer: it is important that testing in blood
banks and transfusion labs are 100% accurate to avoid severe transfusion reactions
due to incompatability
-donated blood units need to be typed properly to ensure they are given to the right
patient
-recipients need to be typed properly to ensure they recieve the correct units of
blood
blood test at donor collection facility Correct Answer: -ABO and Rh typing
-infectious disease testing: syphillis, hepatitis B & C, AIDS/HIV, HTLV I & II, west
nile virus, Chagas disease (T. cruzi)
-ABO and Rh types reconfirmed
blood test at transfusion center Correct Answer: -reconfirmation of ABO type
(make sure it matches the label)
-pre-transfusion testing on patient: ABO, Rh type, antibody screen, crossmatch
American Red Cross (ARC) Correct Answer: provides many benefits to members
-disaster relief
-rare donor registry (find rare blood types)
-reference alb services
,Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Correct Answer: regulates all blood
component manufacturers, distributors and medical laboratories in the US
-provides licensure to all blood collection centers, and approves all methods and
products used for blood collection
-blood and blood products are pharmaceutricals and biologics
-center for biological evaluation and research (CBER) functions under them to
control blood collection and manufacturing of pharmacueticals
AABB Correct Answer: -write stands that blood collection centers and transfusion
centers must follow for testing
-voluntary accreditation of either people or facilities
-writes technical manuals
-ensures that standards for CMS (medicare and medicaid) are met
college of American pathologists (CAP) Correct Answer: -voluntary accreditation of
clinical laboratories
-administer proficiency testing for clinical laboratories
Joint Comission Correct Answer: offer voluntary inspection and accreditation of
institutions or specific units within an institution
past blood banking issues Correct Answer: -multiple blood groups: even with
knowing about ABO there were still transfusion reactions going on that lead to
discovery of other blood groups
-circulatory overload: people who only needed 1 component of blood were given
whole blood that gave an overload of cells and volume, leading to production of
apheresed products
, -blood storage and expiration: blood that was collected would expire really quickly
so research was need to figure out what would extend the shelf life
RBC membrane Correct Answer: -phospholipid bilayer containing glycolipids and
immunoproteins
-semipermeable
-integral proteins extend from the outside through the bilyaer and into the
cytoplasm
-peripheral proteins are present on internal side of the bilayer forming the
cytoskeleton
-protein cytoskeleton is a mesh that supports the bilayer
-spectrin is present in cytoskeleton and promotes flexibility of the RBC
spectrin Correct Answer: an important protein the cytoskeleton of RBCs that is
phosphorylated by ATP so that the cell remains flexible
deformability Correct Answer: flexibility of the RBC membrane
-spectrin proteins are responsible for keeping RBC flexible
-RBCs need to be flexible so they are able to pass through small blood vessels
-RBCs that lose this ability (low ATP= nonfunctional spectrin) will be broken down
in the spleen
permeability Correct Answer: ability of molecules to pass in and out of the RBC
membrane to maintain Na+ and K+ concentrations
-ATP powered pumps transport K+ into the cell and Na+ out of the cell
