NURS 323 term Test #1 - 20% - Queens
University Q & As (Verified Answers)
2026
The 5 hierarchical scales - Correct Answers ✅1. Sampling
unit - the level of which sampling of observation unit occurs
(Could be higher level such as Hospitals, floors in a long-term
care unit, geographically defined areas such as a province or
region health planning area)
2. Sample - the collection of sampling units that you
randomly selected
3. Observation unit - The level at which you are collecting
data and will make inferences, often individual people (clients
or patients)
4. Statistics population - the collection of all sampling units
that could have been in your scale and represents the true
scale in which your statistical conclusions are valid.
5. Population of interest - the collection of sampling units that
you hope to draw conclusions about
measurement unit - Correct Answers ✅is the scale of the
measurement variable, such as centimeters for height or
years or age. If the data is categorical, such as voting intent,
there is NO measurement unit
measurement variable - Correct Answers ✅what we want
to measure about the observation unit such as height,
weight, age, voting intent, ect..
,NURS 323 term Test #1 - 20% - Queens
University Q & As (Verified Answers)
2026
4 Goals that Sampling designs must achieve: - Correct
Answers ✅1. All sampling units are selectable - this goal is
about the sampling unit. Every sampling unit in the statistical
population must have some non-zero probability of being
included in your sample
2. Selection is unbiased - the probability of selecting a
[articular sampling unit cannot depend on any attribute of
that sampling unit and on average the sampling units must
have the same attributes as the statistical population
3. Selection is independent - selection of a particular unit
must not increase or decrease the probability that any other
sampling unit is selected
4. All samples are possible - this goal is about the sample
composition. All samples that could be created from the
statistical population are possible.
Confounding variable - Correct Answers ✅(typically) an
unobserved variable that can affect both the explanatory and
response variables causing an incidental or spurious
relationship
Cross sectional study - Correct Answers ✅a snapshot of
the statistical population at a single point in time
Experiential study - Correct Answers ✅a study using
involving a statistical population where the investigator can
control the explanatory variables
, NURS 323 term Test #1 - 20% - Queens
University Q & As (Verified Answers)
2026
Explanatory variable - Correct Answers ✅a variable that an
investigator believes may explain the response variable
Observational study - Correct Answers ✅a study using
observations from a statistical population where the
investigator has no control over the explanatory variables
Longitudinal study - Correct Answers ✅follows the selected
sampling units over time
prospective survey - Correct Answers ✅selects sampling
units before the response of interest has occurred
Retrospective survey - Correct Answers ✅selects sampling
units after the response of interest has occurred
Serious relationship - Correct Answers ✅when a
relationship between the explanatory and response variables
is largely driven by the influence of a confounding variable
5 main types of surveys: Observational study designs -
Correct Answers ✅1. Simple random survey
A survey design where the sampling units are selected at
random from the statistical population
University Q & As (Verified Answers)
2026
The 5 hierarchical scales - Correct Answers ✅1. Sampling
unit - the level of which sampling of observation unit occurs
(Could be higher level such as Hospitals, floors in a long-term
care unit, geographically defined areas such as a province or
region health planning area)
2. Sample - the collection of sampling units that you
randomly selected
3. Observation unit - The level at which you are collecting
data and will make inferences, often individual people (clients
or patients)
4. Statistics population - the collection of all sampling units
that could have been in your scale and represents the true
scale in which your statistical conclusions are valid.
5. Population of interest - the collection of sampling units that
you hope to draw conclusions about
measurement unit - Correct Answers ✅is the scale of the
measurement variable, such as centimeters for height or
years or age. If the data is categorical, such as voting intent,
there is NO measurement unit
measurement variable - Correct Answers ✅what we want
to measure about the observation unit such as height,
weight, age, voting intent, ect..
,NURS 323 term Test #1 - 20% - Queens
University Q & As (Verified Answers)
2026
4 Goals that Sampling designs must achieve: - Correct
Answers ✅1. All sampling units are selectable - this goal is
about the sampling unit. Every sampling unit in the statistical
population must have some non-zero probability of being
included in your sample
2. Selection is unbiased - the probability of selecting a
[articular sampling unit cannot depend on any attribute of
that sampling unit and on average the sampling units must
have the same attributes as the statistical population
3. Selection is independent - selection of a particular unit
must not increase or decrease the probability that any other
sampling unit is selected
4. All samples are possible - this goal is about the sample
composition. All samples that could be created from the
statistical population are possible.
Confounding variable - Correct Answers ✅(typically) an
unobserved variable that can affect both the explanatory and
response variables causing an incidental or spurious
relationship
Cross sectional study - Correct Answers ✅a snapshot of
the statistical population at a single point in time
Experiential study - Correct Answers ✅a study using
involving a statistical population where the investigator can
control the explanatory variables
, NURS 323 term Test #1 - 20% - Queens
University Q & As (Verified Answers)
2026
Explanatory variable - Correct Answers ✅a variable that an
investigator believes may explain the response variable
Observational study - Correct Answers ✅a study using
observations from a statistical population where the
investigator has no control over the explanatory variables
Longitudinal study - Correct Answers ✅follows the selected
sampling units over time
prospective survey - Correct Answers ✅selects sampling
units before the response of interest has occurred
Retrospective survey - Correct Answers ✅selects sampling
units after the response of interest has occurred
Serious relationship - Correct Answers ✅when a
relationship between the explanatory and response variables
is largely driven by the influence of a confounding variable
5 main types of surveys: Observational study designs -
Correct Answers ✅1. Simple random survey
A survey design where the sampling units are selected at
random from the statistical population
