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NSG223 Final Exam Questions and
Answers Latest Version
what is the lymphatic system? Ans: protects the body
from pathogens; effective immune surveillance
what does the lymphatic system consist of? Ans:
lymphoid cells, tissues, spleen, thymus, tonsils, and
lymph nodes
what immunity is the lymphatic system apart of? Ans:
innate immunity
what is innate immunity? Ans: non-specific immunity;
born with it; unable to distinguish types of threats;
involves skin and mucous membranes
what are cells of innate immunity? Ans: neutrophils,
macrophages, NK cells, T cells, B cells
what is the complement system? Ans: consists of a group
of proteins that are present in the circulation that
enables the body to localize and destroy infectious
pathogens
functions of the complement system include: Ans:
enhance inflammatory response, increase phagocytosis,
destroy and clear pathogen from the body
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what are mediators of innate immunity? Ans: cytokines;
interleukins, interferons, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
what are the functions of cytokines? Ans: produce
chemotaxis of leukocytes; inhibiting viral replication
do cytokines affect both the innate AND adaptive
immune systems? Ans: yes
what are interleukins? Ans: cytokines combined by
lymphocytes/macrophages that enhance the capabilities
of the immune system
what are actions of interleukins? Ans: stimulate cytotoxic
T cell activity against tumor cells; increase B cell and
plasma cell production (antibodies)
what are interferons? Ans: cytokines released by
lymphocytes/macrophages that have been infected w/ a
virus; unable to protect cell, but communicate to
surrounding cells that there's a viral infection; antiviral
proteins
what is tumor necrosis factor (TNF)? Ans: released by
macrophages and inhibits tumor growth; causes tumor
regression
what are the actions of interferons? Ans: increase
phagocytosis and enhance cytotoxic activity of T cells
what is the adaptive immune system? Ans: specific to
infections; second line of defense
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what are the functions of the adaptive immune system?
Ans: recognition of antigen, communication and
coordination with other defense cells;
destruction/suppression of antigen
what are the cells included in the adaptive immune
system? Ans: B and T lymphocytes
what where do B lymphocytes mature? Ans: the bone
marrow, then move to peripheral lymphoid tissue
what are the functions of B lymphocytes? Ans: plasma
cells produce antibodies that inactivate antigen and tag
antigen for destruction
where do T lymphocytes mature? Ans: the thymus, then
move to peripheral lymphoid tissue
what are the functions of T lymphocytes? Ans: produce
cell-mediated immunity; aid in antibody production
what is humoral immunity? Ans: antibody-mediated
immunity
what are the functions of humoral immunity? Ans: B cells
divide rapidly during encounter with pathogen; creates
plasma cells that secrete antibodies (immunoglobulins)
specific to antigen
what is IgG? Ans: most common; crosses the placenta;
protects against pathogens; activates complement system
what is IgM? Ans: first to form; appears in newborns
© 2025 All rights reserved
NSG223 Final Exam Questions and
Answers Latest Version
what is the lymphatic system? Ans: protects the body
from pathogens; effective immune surveillance
what does the lymphatic system consist of? Ans:
lymphoid cells, tissues, spleen, thymus, tonsils, and
lymph nodes
what immunity is the lymphatic system apart of? Ans:
innate immunity
what is innate immunity? Ans: non-specific immunity;
born with it; unable to distinguish types of threats;
involves skin and mucous membranes
what are cells of innate immunity? Ans: neutrophils,
macrophages, NK cells, T cells, B cells
what is the complement system? Ans: consists of a group
of proteins that are present in the circulation that
enables the body to localize and destroy infectious
pathogens
functions of the complement system include: Ans:
enhance inflammatory response, increase phagocytosis,
destroy and clear pathogen from the body
© 2025 All rights reserved
, 2 | Page
what are mediators of innate immunity? Ans: cytokines;
interleukins, interferons, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
what are the functions of cytokines? Ans: produce
chemotaxis of leukocytes; inhibiting viral replication
do cytokines affect both the innate AND adaptive
immune systems? Ans: yes
what are interleukins? Ans: cytokines combined by
lymphocytes/macrophages that enhance the capabilities
of the immune system
what are actions of interleukins? Ans: stimulate cytotoxic
T cell activity against tumor cells; increase B cell and
plasma cell production (antibodies)
what are interferons? Ans: cytokines released by
lymphocytes/macrophages that have been infected w/ a
virus; unable to protect cell, but communicate to
surrounding cells that there's a viral infection; antiviral
proteins
what is tumor necrosis factor (TNF)? Ans: released by
macrophages and inhibits tumor growth; causes tumor
regression
what are the actions of interferons? Ans: increase
phagocytosis and enhance cytotoxic activity of T cells
what is the adaptive immune system? Ans: specific to
infections; second line of defense
© 2025 All rights reserved
, 3 | Page
what are the functions of the adaptive immune system?
Ans: recognition of antigen, communication and
coordination with other defense cells;
destruction/suppression of antigen
what are the cells included in the adaptive immune
system? Ans: B and T lymphocytes
what where do B lymphocytes mature? Ans: the bone
marrow, then move to peripheral lymphoid tissue
what are the functions of B lymphocytes? Ans: plasma
cells produce antibodies that inactivate antigen and tag
antigen for destruction
where do T lymphocytes mature? Ans: the thymus, then
move to peripheral lymphoid tissue
what are the functions of T lymphocytes? Ans: produce
cell-mediated immunity; aid in antibody production
what is humoral immunity? Ans: antibody-mediated
immunity
what are the functions of humoral immunity? Ans: B cells
divide rapidly during encounter with pathogen; creates
plasma cells that secrete antibodies (immunoglobulins)
specific to antigen
what is IgG? Ans: most common; crosses the placenta;
protects against pathogens; activates complement system
what is IgM? Ans: first to form; appears in newborns
© 2025 All rights reserved
