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Neuropsychology volledige samenvatting in tabelvorm

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Dit is een samenvatting van het deel neuropsychologie bij het vak "neuropsychologie en psychofarmaca'. Het grootste deel is in het engels, met soms een woordje extra uitleg in het nederlands. Het merendeel van de hoofdstukken bevatten alle leerstof, enkele hoofdstukken focussen meer op de essentie & cruciale begrippen.

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Pt=Patient, D=damage, cogn.=cognitief/cognitive, IV=individuele verschillen

Deel 1: NEUROPSYCHOLOGY
H1: Introduction
1.1. Introductie & historiek
Geest (gedachten, 1) Penfield
gevoelens) & brein ->pioneered brain surgery techniques for epilepsy treatment
dichte relatie ->operations, local anaesthesia: Pt awake during deep brain
m/elkaar stimulation (stimulation in cortex with electrode)
->Pt relived memories (not just reminded: vivid sensations,
movements… depending on stimulated area)
=>mapped cortical homunculus (verschillende functionele
gebieden)

2) Cognitive neuropsychology
~probeert hersenbasis (brain-based account) te identificeren
van cognitieve & gedragsmatige processen (waarneming,
geheugen, executieve funties)
=>zoeken biologische bronnen voor cognitieve processen
->safer, less crude research than Penfield (possible thanks to
technological advances: EEG, MRI…)
1.1.1. Filosofische benaderingen
Historical Mind-body problem (centraal in historiek)
foundations =how can physical substance lead to mental experience
1) Dualism (Descartes)
->brain (mortal, material) and mind (immortal, not material) are 2
different substances
->interactie in pijnappelklier (pineal gland)
->physical messages from outside world stimulate senses -
>vibration in brain ->picked up by pineal gland ->non-physical
sense of awareness

2) Dual-aspect theory (Spinoza)
=geest & lichaam zijn 2 verschillende verklaringsniveaus van
zelfde fenomeen (meest voorkomende huidige visie)

3) Reductionism (Churchland)
=geest zal uiteindelijk volledig gereduceerd & verklaard worden
door biologie (onwaarschijnlijk dat dit ooit bereikt zal worden)

1.1.2. Wetenschappelijke benaderingen
Oude visie (vroege Belief: ventricles=most important, cortex=just a side product
anatomen), tot (niet belangrijk, louter omhulling ventrikels)
18e E ->”mental experiences happen in ventricles” (tekenden details
om ventrikels op te vullen, cortex slechts schematisch getekend)
Gall & Spurzheim Accuratere afbeelding brein, meer aandacht voor cortex
(1810) (<->older beliefs)
Frenologie/phrenology: IV in cognitie >IV in vorm schedel
->PH & functies brein ~bumps, knobbels schedel

1

,Pt=Patient, D=damage, cogn.=cognitief/cognitive, IV=individuele verschillen


Kernassumpties, niet obv wetenschappelijk onderzoek!:
1) Different parts of cortex (brein) serve diff functions
=>hedendaagse functional specialisation (enige assumptie die
juist bleek te zijn)

2) Diff in personality traits =>diff in cortical size & bumps on skull
->die versch in schedeldikte=verkl versch cogn & PH

3) Crude division of psychological traits
->neen, geen radicale opdeling mogelijk, alle delen verbonden!
->nooit 1 breinregio vr 1 functie, network regio’s voeren samen
functies uit!

Phrenology ~historically important!
1) Basis for modern techniques to localize functions
2) Brain lobes named after bones in skull
3) Maps of brain from Gall resemble modern maps of brain
->subdividing cortex into regions (each region~certain function):
functional specialization

Functional Modern view: some degree func. specialization
specialisation Differences, modern view doesn’t think that:
1. Each region~one function
2. Each function~discrete location

Brodmann area’s




=genummerde gebieden met zeer specifieke functies
->opdeling obv versch in cytoarchitecture
->classificatie nog steeds belang. want veel regio’s correleren
m/fucntionele specializaties
->primair: zeer specifiek, secundair & tertiair meer geassocieerd

Cytoarchitecture =microscopische structuur & organisatie neuronen

Evidentie Func specialisatie in cogn neuropsy =bouwstenen cognitie
functionele bepalen & hierop cognitiemodellen baseren

2

,Pt=Patient, D=damage, cogn.=cognitief/cognitive, IV=individuele verschillen


specialisatie 1) Broca’s observations: Pt Tan (left frontal lesion)
doorheen tijd ->kon niet spreken (enkel “Tan”), wel begrijpen (good cognitive
abilities)

2) Wernicke’s observations: Pt left posterior lesion
->poor speech comprehension, good speech production

Concl: at least 2 specialized language faculties exist in brain
->Broca’s area & Wernicke’s area

Computer “minds without brains”: after Broca less interest in brain, more in
metaphor mind (ond. na uitvinding pc: vgl brein & pc)
->psy 20e E: observatie G (behaviorisme) populair
->minder observaties brein tijdens G
=>information-processing models (cogn modellen zonder directe
link met brein)

1. Simple information-processing models (mind as series of
routines like computer processes)
“input ->perceptie ->attention->KTG->output”
2. Complex connectionist models (mathematisch /coputationeel
in aard mr zonder seriële verwerking en routines)
->our brain can do parallel processing (pc toen niet complex
genoeg, accurate stimulatie onmogelijk)

1.2. The return of the brain: cognitive neuroscience
“hergeboorte” Advances imaging technology ->brain became more prominent
cogn neurwetens. again =>development functional brain imaging
1. 1970, CT and MRI: structural imaging methods
->precieze afbeeldingen brein
2. 1980, PET: aangepast aan cognitieve modellen ontwikkeld in
psychologie
3. 1985, TMS: veilige, niet-invasieve equivalent Penfield’s meth
4. 1990, fMRI: level of oxygen in blood used as measure of
cognitive function
->O2 nodig productie E -> activiteit
->sensor O2, radio tracers: welke regio brein actief

->ontstaan cognitive neurosciences
->dankzij scans: onderzoek zonder brein beschadigen

Methods of ~meer gedetailleerd in komende lessen
cognitive
neuroscience




3

, Pt=Patient, D=damage, cogn.=cognitief/cognitive, IV=individuele verschillen




Versch meth
hebben versch
resoluties




Y-as: spatial resolution
=accuracy of where event occurs
X-As: temporal resolutions
=accuracy of when event occurs (lower is better)

Cogn neuropsy <- Moderne cognitive neuropsy:
> frenologie 1) Gebruik empirische methoden voor meting verschillende
cognitieve functies & hun verband met neurale activiteit
2) Cogn neuropsy bouwt op information processing diagrams
3) Combo 2 methoden geven info over waar + hoe iets gebeurd

+tegenwoordig meer geavanceerde computer science
->geavanceerder onderzoek (ook AI)
Bv: stimulatie parallel processing kan >meerdere layers

H2: The lesioned and stimulated brain (H5 boek)
2.1. Introduction
2.1.1. Why do we study the lesioned brain?
Meth neuropsy: Enige causale meth: manipulatie ->meting effect
laesies & ->meestal niet bij menselijke pp laesie uitvoeren (vaak na
stimulaties ongeval kijken hoe brein eruit ziet + wat niet meer lukt)
Lesioned brain Leads to particular deficits, behavioral problems…

4

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Uploaded on
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Written in
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