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Samenvatting - Aanvullingen Biochemie (I700229B)

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Samenvatting van Aanvullingen Biochemie door prof. Kathy Messens

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January 13, 2026
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Contents
1 Immunologie ..................................................................................................... 4
1.1 Basisbegrippen .......................................................................................... 4
1.2 Het passief immuunsysteem ....................................................................... 5
1.2.1 Huid ................................................................................................... 5
1.2.2 Slijmvlies ............................................................................................ 5
1.2.3 Lysozyme ............................................................................................ 5
1.2.4 Kolonisatie door commensalen ............................................................ 5
1.2.5 Mechanische werking .......................................................................... 5
1.2.6 Trilhaartjes in de neus .......................................................................... 6
1.2.7 Lage pH in de maag.............................................................................. 6
1.3 Aangeboren immuunsysteem ...................................................................... 6
1.3.1 Natural killer cellen ............................................................................. 6
1.3.2 Mestcellen .......................................................................................... 9
1.3.3 Neutrofielen ........................................................................................ 9
1.3.4 Eosinofielen ...................................................................................... 10
1.3.5 Basofielen ......................................................................................... 11
1.3.6 Macrofagen ....................................................................................... 12
1.3.7 Dendritische cel ................................................................................ 12
1.4 Herkenningssystemen .............................................................................. 13
1.4.1 PAMP (Pathogen-associated moleculair pattern) ................................. 13
1.4.2 DAMP (Damage-associated moleculair pattern) .................................. 13
1.5 pattern recognition receptors (PRR) ........................................................... 14
1.5.1 Toll-Like receptor (TLR) ...................................................................... 15
1.5.2 C-type lectine receptors (CLR) ............................................................ 16
1.5.3 NOD-like receptor (NLR) .................................................................... 17
1.5.4 RIG-I-like (RLR) .................................................................................. 18
1.6 Fagocytose .............................................................................................. 19
1.6.1 Fase 1: chemotaxis ............................................................................ 19
1.6.2 Fase 2: Opsonisatie en adhesie .......................................................... 19
1.6.3 Fase 3: Opname ................................................................................ 20

, 1.6.4 Fase 4: Vernietiging ............................................................................ 20
1.7 Ontsteking ............................................................................................... 21
1.8 Complement systeem .............................................................................. 22
1.9 Verworven immuunsysteem ...................................................................... 23
1.9.1 B-lymfocyten ..................................................................................... 24
1.9.2 Verschillende Isotypes antilichamen .................................................. 25
1.9.3 Nanobodies ...................................................................................... 25
1.9.4 Wat doen antilichamen? .................................................................... 25
1.9.5 Productie van antilichamen (primaire infectie) ..................................... 26
1.9.6 Productie van antilichamen (secundaire infectie) ................................ 26
1.9.7 T-lymfocyten ..................................................................................... 28
1.9.8 Multipotente heamatopoetosche stamcel ........................................... 30
1.10 Immunologische testen ............................................................................ 31
1.10.1 Productie van polyklonale antistoffen (antilichamen) ........................... 31
1.10.2 Productie van monoklonale antistoffen ............................................... 32
1.10.3 Precipitatie ....................................................................................... 33
1.10.4 Agglutinatie ....................................................................................... 37
2 Cel signalisatie................................................................................................ 39
2.1 Signaaltransductie ................................................................................... 39
2.1.1 Signaal ontvangst .............................................................................. 39
2.2 signaal transductie ................................................................................... 40
2.2.1 Bv. Calcium ionen ............................................................................. 40
2.3 Cellulaire respons .................................................................................... 41
2.4 Extracellulaire ionkanaal receptor ............................................................. 41
2.4.1 Bv. nicotinegevoelige ionotrope acetylcholinereceptor ........................ 42
2.5 Extracellulaire G-proteïne gekoppelde receptor .......................................... 43
2.5.1 Bv. Muscarine-gevoelige acetylcholinereceptor ................................... 44
2.5.2 Bv. fototransductie in fotoreceptoren in oog ........................................ 45
2.6 Enzymatische actieve receptor .................................................................. 46
2.6.1 Bv. receptor met tyrosine kinase ......................................................... 46
2.7 Enzym gekoppelde receptor ...................................................................... 47
2.7.1 Bv. cytikone receptor ......................................................................... 47

, 2.8 Case studies ............................................................................................ 48
2.8.1 Regulatie bloedsuikerspiegel.............................................................. 48
2.8.2 Neurotransmitters ............................................................................. 49
2.8.3 Smaakzin .......................................................................................... 49
3 Fotosynthese .................................................................................................. 50
3.1 De 4 stadia van fotosynthese ..................................................................... 51
3.1.1 Absorptie van licht ............................................................................. 51
3.1.2 Elektronen transport .......................................................................... 51
3.1.3 ATP productie .................................................................................... 53
3.1.4 fixatie van CO2 ................................................................................... 55
3.1.5 RUBISCO enzym ................................................................................ 56
3.1.6 C3 planten ........................................................................................ 57
3.1.7 C4 planten ........................................................................................ 58
3.1.8 CAM planten ..................................................................................... 58
4 Stikstofcyclus ................................................................................................. 59
4.1 Micro-organismen .................................................................................... 59
4.1.1 Stikstoffixatie .................................................................................... 59
4.2 Planten .................................................................................................... 60
4.3 Afbraak van aminozuren ........................................................................... 61
5 Secundaire metabolieten ................................................................................. 62
5.1 Terpenoïden ............................................................................................. 62
5.1.1 Monoterpenen ................................................................................... 62
5.1.2 Sequiterpenen................................................................................... 62
5.1.3 Diterpenen ........................................................................................ 62
5.1.4 Tripenenen ........................................................................................ 62
5.1.5 Polymeer .......................................................................................... 62
5.1.6 Productie van isopentyl pyrofosfaat en dimethylallyl pyrofosfaat .......... 62
5.1.7 Productie terpenoiden ....................................................................... 62
5.2 Fenolische componenten ......................................................................... 63
5.2.1 Flavonoïden ...................................................................................... 63
5.2.2 Niet-flavonoïden ................................................................................ 63
5.3 Alkanoïden ............................................................................................... 63

, 1 Immunologie
1.1 Basisbegrippen
De immuunrespons is onze verdediging tegen indringers

Indringers zijn zeer gevarieerd (bacteriën, virussen, schimmels, pollen, parasieten,
eiwitten,…) en bevatten allemaal antigenen, antigenen wekken een immuunrespons op.

AntibodyGenerator zijn meestal eiwitten of suikers (bv. lipopolysachariden bij gram neg
bacteriën, of gluten in tarwe)

Bij een gluten intolerantie worden de (micro)villi in de darmen afgesleten ➔
absorptieproblemen. Diagnose colonoscopie.

2 soorten antigen:

A) Immunogeen: genereert zelf een immuunrespons, grote partikels
B) Hapteen: complexvorming met andere moleculen (bv. penicilline en rode
bloedcellen)




Immunogeen antigen:

Is groot en complex, kan meerdere epitopen bevatten (=antigenische determinant)

Epitoop is een herkenning plaats voor witte bloedcellen, antilichamen, andere
macromoleculen van het immuunsysteem. Is een korte sequentie van suikers of
eiwitten.
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