Plant Kingdom
Fl
1. Artificial classification system Mosses
-By : Linnaeus ALGAE BRYOPHYTES Liverworts PTERIDOPHYTES
• Chlorophyll bearing, simple , thalloid, autotrophic
-Earliest classification system • Largely aquatic: freshwater, marine
Forms & size : highly variable
Amphibians of the plant kingdom Uses: medicinal purposes, soil binders, ornamental
-uses : cross superficial morphological characters • Various other habitat: moist stones, soils, wood -Colonial -Filamentous -Marine As they can live in soil, but dependent on water for sexual reproduction Evolutionary , they are first terrestrial plants possess vascular tissue:
• Associations : fungi - lichen , animals ( sloth bear) Volvox Ulothrix, spirogyra Kelps
-commonly grows in moist shaded areas in the hills
xylem and phloem
Habitat, colour , number & shape of leaves Location: damp, humid, and shaded localities • location: cool, damp , shady places
Reproduction
-Based on: Vegetative characters/Androecium structure Sexual
Important role: Succession on bare rocks / soils, decompose rocks, prevent soil erosion
Bryophyte body :
They may flourish well in Sandy soil condition
Vegetative Asexual • Main plant body: Sporophyte
-Drawback: Separated closely related species, because By fragmentation Production of different
By fusion of two gametes -more differentiated than algae
Differentiate into (these organs possess well differentiated vascular tissue)
Isogamous Anisogamous -Thallus like , prostrate & erect
they were based on few characteristic ( fragment —> thallus) types of spores
Flagella Non flagellated
Most common: Zoospores Ulothrix Spirogyra Oogamous Eudorina Attached to substratum by: unicellular / multicellular rhizoids True Root Stem Leaves.
-They like true roots, stems, or leaves, but may possess root like ,leaf like or stem like structure • Leaves: small (microphylls)- Selaginella
( motile) 1 large static female Main plant body: Haploid
X Large ( macropylls) - Ferns
This gives equal weightage to Vegetative & sexual Small , motile male gamete
Eg. Volvox, Fucus
Gametes: Gametophyte
Sex organs: multicellular
• sporophyte —> sporangia ———> sporophylls
• Sporophylls - may for distinct compact structures Strobilli / Cones
characteristics but this is not acceptable as vegetative uses: at least half of the total CO2 fixation on earth is carried out by algae through photosynthesis
Male sex organ: Antheridium produced by flagellate antherozoids
( Selaginella & Equisetum )
Female sex organ: Archegonium ( flask shaped) produce single egg
characters are more easily affected by environment They increase O2 concentration in the immediate surrounding
• primary producers of energy: forms the basis of life cycle of aquatic animals • Sporangia : produce spore by meiosis in spore mother cell
Zygote does not undergo reduction division immediately, Produce multicellular body Sporophyte
• Among 70 species of marine algae used as food
( non-free-living, but attached to the photosynthetic gametophyte )4
eg: Lemunaria , Sargessum , porphyra Prothallus
2. Natural classification system Brown algae- algin : produce large amount of hydrocolloids(water holding substance)
Red algae - (Carrageen) Gelidium , Gracilaria : agar ,used to prepare ice cream and jelly
Cells of sporophyte undergo Meiosis—>Haploid spores —> germinate into gametophyte ( inconspicuous, small but multicellular, free-living, mostly photosynthetic
• Importance: economic thalloid , gametophytes)
-By: George Bentham & Joseph Dalton Hooker Some mosses - provide food for herbaceous , mammals, birds, and other animals • Gametophyte: require cool, damp shady places to grow (need water for
Chlorophycea Some species of sphagnum : provide peat used as fuel , packaging material
Based on: Natural affinities among the organism Green algae • Mosses along with lichens word, first organisms to colonise rocks, and hence of great ecological
fertilisation)
-chlorophyll a & b ( localised in definite chloroplast), Grass green in colour importance Gametophytes
Considered not only external feature but also -Freshwater , brackish water, salt water
internal: Store food : oil droplet/starch Liverworts Antheridia Archegonia
Cell wall : rigid
• Location: moist shady habitats- banks of streams, marshy ground , damp soil,
Ultrastructure, Anatomy, Embryology, Phytochemistry Outer membrane : pectose (Male organ) ( female organ)
Inner membrane : cellulose bark of trees, deep in the woods
-Plant body: Thalloid ( Marchantia ) Zygote
Plant body : unicellular
Chloroplast : discoid , plate like reticulate, cup shaped , spiral or ribbonshaped in different species -Thallus:Dorsiventral , closely appressed to the substrate
3. Phylogenetic classification system Most of the members have one or more storage bodies Pyrenoids in the chloroplast( protein and starch) -Asexual reproduction: fragmentation of thalli Sporophyte ( dominant phase)
Vegetative reproduction: by fragmentation or different type of spores or
Asexual reproduction: by fragile zoospore produced in Zoosporangia
Based on : evolutionary relationships b/w various Sexual reproduction: considerable variation in type of formation of sex cells
formation of specialised structure called gemmae ( single gemma)
Homosporous Heterosporous
-Isogamous, anisogamous, oogamous
-Gemmae: green ,multicellular, asexual buds, develop in small receptacles gemma cups
organisms located on thalli, detach from parent body and germinate into new individual All spores similar Two kinds of spores macro & micro
Phaeophyceae -Sexual reproduction: male and female sex organs are produced on either same or Selaginella
Assumption: organism belonging to same taxa Brown algae different thalli Salvinia
have a common ancestor Chlorophyll a , c , Carotenoids , Xanthophyll -Sporophyte differentiate to: Foot , Seta , capsule Morsilea
Freshwater (rare), brackish water, salt water (primarily in Marine habitat) Megaspore germinate to form female gametophyte
Capsule ———> spores ———> free living a gametophyte
Protoplast contains in addition to plastids ,centrally located vacuole and nucleus
Food stored as complex carbohydrates in form of : Laminarin & mannitol
Microspore germinate to form male gametophyte
Numerical Taxonomy : Vegetative cell has cellulosic wall usually covered on outside by gelatinous coating of algin
Mosses
Carried out using computers Simple branch filaments form : Ectocarpus Female Gametophyte
Profusely branched : Kelps ( 100 m high) • location: moist ,shaded area -Retained on parents sporophyte for variable period
Based on : All observable characteristics Plant body attached to substratum by : Holdfast -Predominant stage of life cycle: Gametophyte -The development of Zygo into young takes place within female gametophyte
Stalk, stipe , leaf like photosynthetic organ: frond
Number & codes to all characters Vegetative reproduction: by fragmentation
Two stages
-this event Precursor to seed habit : importance step in evolution
Asexual reproduction: by flagellated Zoospore (Pear shaped , two unequal laterally attached flagella
Sexual reproduction :Isogamous, anisogamous, oogamous Protonema Leafy stage
Fusion of gametes : in water(external) or within Oogonium ( internal) Develops from secondary protonema as lateral bud Classification of pteridophytes
Data is processed Develop directly from spore
-creeping -Upright
Hence each character is given equal importance & Rhodophyceae -Green -Slender axes Psilopsida Lycopsida Sphenopsida Pteropsida
Red algae
at same time hundreds of characters are Chlorophyll a & d , r - phycoerythrin ( red pigment) -branched -bears spirally arranged leaves Psilotum Selaginella Equisetum Dryopteris
-Rhizoids : branched ,multicellular Lycopodium Pteris
considered -fresh water, brackish water, salt, water, major majority of red algae are marine -Frequently filamentous
-This stage bear sex organs
-Greater concentration in warmer areas, they occur in both: Adiantum
• well lighted regions: close to surface of water - vegetative reproduction: by fragmentation
Cytotaxonomy • Dark/ no light penetrate: great depths in ocean and
-food stored: Floridean starch( similar to amylopectin & glycogen in structure) budding in secondary protonema
Based on - Cytological information - sexual reproduction: at the apex of leafy shoot
-cell wall: cellulose, pectin, polysulphate Easters
• chromosome number -red Thalli: multicellular Antheridia Archaegonium
• Chromosome structure Vegetative reproduction : by fragmentation Zygote
Asexual reproduction: by nonmotile spores
• Chromosome behaviour Sexual reproduction: by non-motel gametes , Oogamous
Sporophyte
Accompanied by complex post fertilisation development
Chemo taxonomy: Foot Seta Capsule
uses chemical constituents of the plant to resolve • Sporophyte in Mosses are more elaborated than liverworts
confusion • Mosses have elaborate mechanism of spore dispersal
Fl
1. Artificial classification system Mosses
-By : Linnaeus ALGAE BRYOPHYTES Liverworts PTERIDOPHYTES
• Chlorophyll bearing, simple , thalloid, autotrophic
-Earliest classification system • Largely aquatic: freshwater, marine
Forms & size : highly variable
Amphibians of the plant kingdom Uses: medicinal purposes, soil binders, ornamental
-uses : cross superficial morphological characters • Various other habitat: moist stones, soils, wood -Colonial -Filamentous -Marine As they can live in soil, but dependent on water for sexual reproduction Evolutionary , they are first terrestrial plants possess vascular tissue:
• Associations : fungi - lichen , animals ( sloth bear) Volvox Ulothrix, spirogyra Kelps
-commonly grows in moist shaded areas in the hills
xylem and phloem
Habitat, colour , number & shape of leaves Location: damp, humid, and shaded localities • location: cool, damp , shady places
Reproduction
-Based on: Vegetative characters/Androecium structure Sexual
Important role: Succession on bare rocks / soils, decompose rocks, prevent soil erosion
Bryophyte body :
They may flourish well in Sandy soil condition
Vegetative Asexual • Main plant body: Sporophyte
-Drawback: Separated closely related species, because By fragmentation Production of different
By fusion of two gametes -more differentiated than algae
Differentiate into (these organs possess well differentiated vascular tissue)
Isogamous Anisogamous -Thallus like , prostrate & erect
they were based on few characteristic ( fragment —> thallus) types of spores
Flagella Non flagellated
Most common: Zoospores Ulothrix Spirogyra Oogamous Eudorina Attached to substratum by: unicellular / multicellular rhizoids True Root Stem Leaves.
-They like true roots, stems, or leaves, but may possess root like ,leaf like or stem like structure • Leaves: small (microphylls)- Selaginella
( motile) 1 large static female Main plant body: Haploid
X Large ( macropylls) - Ferns
This gives equal weightage to Vegetative & sexual Small , motile male gamete
Eg. Volvox, Fucus
Gametes: Gametophyte
Sex organs: multicellular
• sporophyte —> sporangia ———> sporophylls
• Sporophylls - may for distinct compact structures Strobilli / Cones
characteristics but this is not acceptable as vegetative uses: at least half of the total CO2 fixation on earth is carried out by algae through photosynthesis
Male sex organ: Antheridium produced by flagellate antherozoids
( Selaginella & Equisetum )
Female sex organ: Archegonium ( flask shaped) produce single egg
characters are more easily affected by environment They increase O2 concentration in the immediate surrounding
• primary producers of energy: forms the basis of life cycle of aquatic animals • Sporangia : produce spore by meiosis in spore mother cell
Zygote does not undergo reduction division immediately, Produce multicellular body Sporophyte
• Among 70 species of marine algae used as food
( non-free-living, but attached to the photosynthetic gametophyte )4
eg: Lemunaria , Sargessum , porphyra Prothallus
2. Natural classification system Brown algae- algin : produce large amount of hydrocolloids(water holding substance)
Red algae - (Carrageen) Gelidium , Gracilaria : agar ,used to prepare ice cream and jelly
Cells of sporophyte undergo Meiosis—>Haploid spores —> germinate into gametophyte ( inconspicuous, small but multicellular, free-living, mostly photosynthetic
• Importance: economic thalloid , gametophytes)
-By: George Bentham & Joseph Dalton Hooker Some mosses - provide food for herbaceous , mammals, birds, and other animals • Gametophyte: require cool, damp shady places to grow (need water for
Chlorophycea Some species of sphagnum : provide peat used as fuel , packaging material
Based on: Natural affinities among the organism Green algae • Mosses along with lichens word, first organisms to colonise rocks, and hence of great ecological
fertilisation)
-chlorophyll a & b ( localised in definite chloroplast), Grass green in colour importance Gametophytes
Considered not only external feature but also -Freshwater , brackish water, salt water
internal: Store food : oil droplet/starch Liverworts Antheridia Archegonia
Cell wall : rigid
• Location: moist shady habitats- banks of streams, marshy ground , damp soil,
Ultrastructure, Anatomy, Embryology, Phytochemistry Outer membrane : pectose (Male organ) ( female organ)
Inner membrane : cellulose bark of trees, deep in the woods
-Plant body: Thalloid ( Marchantia ) Zygote
Plant body : unicellular
Chloroplast : discoid , plate like reticulate, cup shaped , spiral or ribbonshaped in different species -Thallus:Dorsiventral , closely appressed to the substrate
3. Phylogenetic classification system Most of the members have one or more storage bodies Pyrenoids in the chloroplast( protein and starch) -Asexual reproduction: fragmentation of thalli Sporophyte ( dominant phase)
Vegetative reproduction: by fragmentation or different type of spores or
Asexual reproduction: by fragile zoospore produced in Zoosporangia
Based on : evolutionary relationships b/w various Sexual reproduction: considerable variation in type of formation of sex cells
formation of specialised structure called gemmae ( single gemma)
Homosporous Heterosporous
-Isogamous, anisogamous, oogamous
-Gemmae: green ,multicellular, asexual buds, develop in small receptacles gemma cups
organisms located on thalli, detach from parent body and germinate into new individual All spores similar Two kinds of spores macro & micro
Phaeophyceae -Sexual reproduction: male and female sex organs are produced on either same or Selaginella
Assumption: organism belonging to same taxa Brown algae different thalli Salvinia
have a common ancestor Chlorophyll a , c , Carotenoids , Xanthophyll -Sporophyte differentiate to: Foot , Seta , capsule Morsilea
Freshwater (rare), brackish water, salt water (primarily in Marine habitat) Megaspore germinate to form female gametophyte
Capsule ———> spores ———> free living a gametophyte
Protoplast contains in addition to plastids ,centrally located vacuole and nucleus
Food stored as complex carbohydrates in form of : Laminarin & mannitol
Microspore germinate to form male gametophyte
Numerical Taxonomy : Vegetative cell has cellulosic wall usually covered on outside by gelatinous coating of algin
Mosses
Carried out using computers Simple branch filaments form : Ectocarpus Female Gametophyte
Profusely branched : Kelps ( 100 m high) • location: moist ,shaded area -Retained on parents sporophyte for variable period
Based on : All observable characteristics Plant body attached to substratum by : Holdfast -Predominant stage of life cycle: Gametophyte -The development of Zygo into young takes place within female gametophyte
Stalk, stipe , leaf like photosynthetic organ: frond
Number & codes to all characters Vegetative reproduction: by fragmentation
Two stages
-this event Precursor to seed habit : importance step in evolution
Asexual reproduction: by flagellated Zoospore (Pear shaped , two unequal laterally attached flagella
Sexual reproduction :Isogamous, anisogamous, oogamous Protonema Leafy stage
Fusion of gametes : in water(external) or within Oogonium ( internal) Develops from secondary protonema as lateral bud Classification of pteridophytes
Data is processed Develop directly from spore
-creeping -Upright
Hence each character is given equal importance & Rhodophyceae -Green -Slender axes Psilopsida Lycopsida Sphenopsida Pteropsida
Red algae
at same time hundreds of characters are Chlorophyll a & d , r - phycoerythrin ( red pigment) -branched -bears spirally arranged leaves Psilotum Selaginella Equisetum Dryopteris
-Rhizoids : branched ,multicellular Lycopodium Pteris
considered -fresh water, brackish water, salt, water, major majority of red algae are marine -Frequently filamentous
-This stage bear sex organs
-Greater concentration in warmer areas, they occur in both: Adiantum
• well lighted regions: close to surface of water - vegetative reproduction: by fragmentation
Cytotaxonomy • Dark/ no light penetrate: great depths in ocean and
-food stored: Floridean starch( similar to amylopectin & glycogen in structure) budding in secondary protonema
Based on - Cytological information - sexual reproduction: at the apex of leafy shoot
-cell wall: cellulose, pectin, polysulphate Easters
• chromosome number -red Thalli: multicellular Antheridia Archaegonium
• Chromosome structure Vegetative reproduction : by fragmentation Zygote
Asexual reproduction: by nonmotile spores
• Chromosome behaviour Sexual reproduction: by non-motel gametes , Oogamous
Sporophyte
Accompanied by complex post fertilisation development
Chemo taxonomy: Foot Seta Capsule
uses chemical constituents of the plant to resolve • Sporophyte in Mosses are more elaborated than liverworts
confusion • Mosses have elaborate mechanism of spore dispersal
