HOSA EPIDEMIOLOGY EVERYTHING QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Descriptive Epidemiology - -deals with the
frequency and the distribution of risk factors in Mortality - -Death, usually on a large scale
populations and enables to assess the extent of
a disease. It can thus provide hypotheses of
etiologic research Quanification - -Refers to counting the
cases of illness or other health outcomes.
Denotes the use of statistics to describe the
Analytical Epidemiology - -aims to occurrence of health outcomes and measure
research and study risk and protector factors of their association with exposures
diseases.
Hippocrates - -departed from superstitious
Pandemic - -An epidemic occurring reasons for disease outbreaks Wrote On Airs,
worldwide, or over a very wide area, crossing Waters, and Places in 400 BC
international boundaries, and usually affecting a Suggested disease might be associated with
large number of people. environmental factors
Ex.. 1918 influenza (Spanish flu)
John Snow - -(1813-1858)An English
Distribution - -The occurrence of diseases anesthesiologist who innovated several of the
and other health outcomes varies in populations, key epidemiologic methods that remain valid and
with some subgroups of the populations more in use today
frequently affected than others. Believed that cholera was transmitted by
contaminated water and was able to demonstrate
this association.
Epidemic - -sudden increase in occurrence
of disease in a population
usually within a specific geographic region or Paracelsus - -(1493-1541) was one of the
population founders of the field of toxicology.
The dose-response relationship
The notion of target organ specificity of chemicals
Exposures - -Related to
determinants,which pertain either to contact with
a disease-causing factor or to the amount of the John Graunt - -is considered by many
factor that impinges upon a group or individuals. historians to have founded the science of
demography, the statistical study of human
populations. He analyzed the vital statistics of the
Determinants - -determinants Any factor citizens of London and wrote a book regarding
that brings about change in a health condition or those figures that greatly influenced the
other defined characteristic. demographers of his day.
Morbidity - -illness due to a specific Ramazzini - -(1633-1714) is regarded as
disease or health condition the founder of the field of occupational medicine.
He authored De Morbis Artificum Diatriba
,HOSA EPIDEMIOLOGY EVERYTHING QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
(Diseases of Workers), published in 1700.
vector - -living transmitters of pathogen
Edward Jenner - -(1749-1823) developed
a method for smallpox vaccination in 1796.
vehicle - -non-living transmitters
William Farr - -(1807-1883)Appointed
"Compiler of Abstracts" in England, 1839 sporadic - -disease occurs at irregular
Developed a more sophisticated system for intervals and in unpredictable locations
codifying medical conditions
Examined possible linkage between mortality
rates and population density (defined as number endemic - -maintained at steady frequency
of persons per square mile) over long period in a particular population or
geographic location
Robert Koch - -(1843-1910), a German
physician direct horizontal transmission - -person to
Published Die Aetiologie der Tuberkulose in person (shaking hands, kissing)
1882 self to self (direct fecal-oral- not washing hands)
Koch's postulates demonstrated the association
between a microorganism and a disease.
direct vertical transmission - -parent to
child (sperm, egg, across placenta, breast
Alexander Flemming - -(1881-1955) feeding, birth canal)
discovered the anti-microbial properties of the
mold Penicillium notatum in 1928.
Antibiotic became available toward the end of
indirect vehicle of transmission - -
World War II
waterborne vehicle - -generally do not
carrier - -individual - potential source of
grow, but can survive in contaminated or
infection for others
inadequately treated or untreated water
can be infected or transferring from infected
person to another
airborne - -pathogen travels through air
etiologic agent - -etiologic agent pathogen
responsible for diseas foodborne - -
reservoir - -primary habitat which the agent fomite - -non-living object
is normally found and from which infection may harbors and transmits an infectious agent
result
,HOSA EPIDEMIOLOGY EVERYTHING QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
active transmission - - --------------------------------
# in pop. P
passive transmisstion - -
Precision - -Refers to the degree to which
there is variation in a measurement.
Pathology - -Study of diseases
Accuracy - -Refers to the degree to which
Bias - -A flaw in either the study, design, or the measurement is, on average, correct.
data analysis that leads to an erroneous result.
Population Controls - -Serve as the
Case Fatality Rate (CFR) - -A references against which cases are compared.
mathematical quantity that describes the severity
of a disease; usually applied to acute diseases. It
is the proportion of persons diagnosed with a Mortality - -Refers to death; death rates.
disease who actually die from the disease during
the period of observation.
Morbidity - -used to refer to illness; rates of
illness.
CFR Formula - -# dying from disease Y in
population P
-------------------------------- Exposure - -Generic term for the effective
# with disease Y in population P presence of any agent or factor that is thought to
cause a disease.
Ex: toxic chemical, dietary habits, activity levels,
Comparison of Rates - -A measure of microorganisms.
incidence or occurrence of a disease in a
population.
Endemic - -Baseline incidence rate in a
pop; at ay point in time, people are acquiring a
Rate Difference Formula - -(rate of disease given disease in the pop.
Y among those exposed to X) - (rate of disease Ex: flu rate
Y among those NOT exposed to X)
Epidemic - -A greater incidence of the
Relative Risk Formula - -Rate of Y among disease in a pop. than would normally have been
those exposed to X expected; greater than endemic or baseline
---------------------------------- incidence.
Rate of Y among those NOT exposed to X
Disease Transmission - -Describes the
Incidence Formula - -# develop disease Y process of the spreading of a disease through a
in pop. P in time T population;
, HOSA EPIDEMIOLOGY EVERYTHING QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
"Who got it & how did it spread?" (P) who newly develop the disease (Y) within a
given time period (t).
Contingency Table - -Often used to show
the relationship between disease and exposure; Incidence Formula - -# who develop Y in P
used to divide persons into the categories of at a given time (t)
diseased & exposed (A), diseased & NOT ---------------------------------
exposed (B), NOT diseased & exposed (C), NOT # in P
disease & NOT exposed (D).
Racial & Ethnic Health Disparities - -Used
Contingency Table Example - -Exposure to describe differences in disease rates by rates
| | YES | NO | or ethnicity.
Disease| YES | A | B | Ex: sickle cell anemia in African Americans
| NO | C | D |
Relative Risk - -aka (MA): Common
Confounding - -A "mixing of effects;" When Measures of Association; any mathematical
a factor (X) causes disease (Y), that relationship measure that is used to quantify the association
could be confounded by a factor (C), that is between two or more variables.
associated with both X & Y.
C could also be an alternative explanation for the
relationship between X & Y. Attributable Risk (AR) - -a group of
measures which describe the amount of disease
risk that can be attributed to a given factor (X).
Conditional Probability - -The probability of Ex: Attributable Fraction
an event given the occurrence of another event;
the probability of disease (Y) given exposure to
factor (X). Attributable Fraction (AF) - -the proportion
of disease (Y) in the population (P) that can be
attributed to factor (X).
Prevalence - -A mathematical quantity that
describes the presence of a disease (Y) in a
population (P); proportion of persons in the AF Formula - -[(incidence in P)-(incidence
population (P) with disease (Y). in unexposed)]
-----------------------------------
(incidence in P)
Prevalence Formula - -# with Y in P
------------
# in P Screening - -the process of early diagnosis
of a disease; identification of disease or risk
factors for the disease in its pre-symptomatic or
Incidence - -A mathematical quantity that pre-clinical stage.
describes the occurrence of a disease (Y) in a Ex: cervical cancer screening.
population (P); proportion of persons in the pop.
Descriptive Epidemiology - -deals with the
frequency and the distribution of risk factors in Mortality - -Death, usually on a large scale
populations and enables to assess the extent of
a disease. It can thus provide hypotheses of
etiologic research Quanification - -Refers to counting the
cases of illness or other health outcomes.
Denotes the use of statistics to describe the
Analytical Epidemiology - -aims to occurrence of health outcomes and measure
research and study risk and protector factors of their association with exposures
diseases.
Hippocrates - -departed from superstitious
Pandemic - -An epidemic occurring reasons for disease outbreaks Wrote On Airs,
worldwide, or over a very wide area, crossing Waters, and Places in 400 BC
international boundaries, and usually affecting a Suggested disease might be associated with
large number of people. environmental factors
Ex.. 1918 influenza (Spanish flu)
John Snow - -(1813-1858)An English
Distribution - -The occurrence of diseases anesthesiologist who innovated several of the
and other health outcomes varies in populations, key epidemiologic methods that remain valid and
with some subgroups of the populations more in use today
frequently affected than others. Believed that cholera was transmitted by
contaminated water and was able to demonstrate
this association.
Epidemic - -sudden increase in occurrence
of disease in a population
usually within a specific geographic region or Paracelsus - -(1493-1541) was one of the
population founders of the field of toxicology.
The dose-response relationship
The notion of target organ specificity of chemicals
Exposures - -Related to
determinants,which pertain either to contact with
a disease-causing factor or to the amount of the John Graunt - -is considered by many
factor that impinges upon a group or individuals. historians to have founded the science of
demography, the statistical study of human
populations. He analyzed the vital statistics of the
Determinants - -determinants Any factor citizens of London and wrote a book regarding
that brings about change in a health condition or those figures that greatly influenced the
other defined characteristic. demographers of his day.
Morbidity - -illness due to a specific Ramazzini - -(1633-1714) is regarded as
disease or health condition the founder of the field of occupational medicine.
He authored De Morbis Artificum Diatriba
,HOSA EPIDEMIOLOGY EVERYTHING QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
(Diseases of Workers), published in 1700.
vector - -living transmitters of pathogen
Edward Jenner - -(1749-1823) developed
a method for smallpox vaccination in 1796.
vehicle - -non-living transmitters
William Farr - -(1807-1883)Appointed
"Compiler of Abstracts" in England, 1839 sporadic - -disease occurs at irregular
Developed a more sophisticated system for intervals and in unpredictable locations
codifying medical conditions
Examined possible linkage between mortality
rates and population density (defined as number endemic - -maintained at steady frequency
of persons per square mile) over long period in a particular population or
geographic location
Robert Koch - -(1843-1910), a German
physician direct horizontal transmission - -person to
Published Die Aetiologie der Tuberkulose in person (shaking hands, kissing)
1882 self to self (direct fecal-oral- not washing hands)
Koch's postulates demonstrated the association
between a microorganism and a disease.
direct vertical transmission - -parent to
child (sperm, egg, across placenta, breast
Alexander Flemming - -(1881-1955) feeding, birth canal)
discovered the anti-microbial properties of the
mold Penicillium notatum in 1928.
Antibiotic became available toward the end of
indirect vehicle of transmission - -
World War II
waterborne vehicle - -generally do not
carrier - -individual - potential source of
grow, but can survive in contaminated or
infection for others
inadequately treated or untreated water
can be infected or transferring from infected
person to another
airborne - -pathogen travels through air
etiologic agent - -etiologic agent pathogen
responsible for diseas foodborne - -
reservoir - -primary habitat which the agent fomite - -non-living object
is normally found and from which infection may harbors and transmits an infectious agent
result
,HOSA EPIDEMIOLOGY EVERYTHING QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
active transmission - - --------------------------------
# in pop. P
passive transmisstion - -
Precision - -Refers to the degree to which
there is variation in a measurement.
Pathology - -Study of diseases
Accuracy - -Refers to the degree to which
Bias - -A flaw in either the study, design, or the measurement is, on average, correct.
data analysis that leads to an erroneous result.
Population Controls - -Serve as the
Case Fatality Rate (CFR) - -A references against which cases are compared.
mathematical quantity that describes the severity
of a disease; usually applied to acute diseases. It
is the proportion of persons diagnosed with a Mortality - -Refers to death; death rates.
disease who actually die from the disease during
the period of observation.
Morbidity - -used to refer to illness; rates of
illness.
CFR Formula - -# dying from disease Y in
population P
-------------------------------- Exposure - -Generic term for the effective
# with disease Y in population P presence of any agent or factor that is thought to
cause a disease.
Ex: toxic chemical, dietary habits, activity levels,
Comparison of Rates - -A measure of microorganisms.
incidence or occurrence of a disease in a
population.
Endemic - -Baseline incidence rate in a
pop; at ay point in time, people are acquiring a
Rate Difference Formula - -(rate of disease given disease in the pop.
Y among those exposed to X) - (rate of disease Ex: flu rate
Y among those NOT exposed to X)
Epidemic - -A greater incidence of the
Relative Risk Formula - -Rate of Y among disease in a pop. than would normally have been
those exposed to X expected; greater than endemic or baseline
---------------------------------- incidence.
Rate of Y among those NOT exposed to X
Disease Transmission - -Describes the
Incidence Formula - -# develop disease Y process of the spreading of a disease through a
in pop. P in time T population;
, HOSA EPIDEMIOLOGY EVERYTHING QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
"Who got it & how did it spread?" (P) who newly develop the disease (Y) within a
given time period (t).
Contingency Table - -Often used to show
the relationship between disease and exposure; Incidence Formula - -# who develop Y in P
used to divide persons into the categories of at a given time (t)
diseased & exposed (A), diseased & NOT ---------------------------------
exposed (B), NOT diseased & exposed (C), NOT # in P
disease & NOT exposed (D).
Racial & Ethnic Health Disparities - -Used
Contingency Table Example - -Exposure to describe differences in disease rates by rates
| | YES | NO | or ethnicity.
Disease| YES | A | B | Ex: sickle cell anemia in African Americans
| NO | C | D |
Relative Risk - -aka (MA): Common
Confounding - -A "mixing of effects;" When Measures of Association; any mathematical
a factor (X) causes disease (Y), that relationship measure that is used to quantify the association
could be confounded by a factor (C), that is between two or more variables.
associated with both X & Y.
C could also be an alternative explanation for the
relationship between X & Y. Attributable Risk (AR) - -a group of
measures which describe the amount of disease
risk that can be attributed to a given factor (X).
Conditional Probability - -The probability of Ex: Attributable Fraction
an event given the occurrence of another event;
the probability of disease (Y) given exposure to
factor (X). Attributable Fraction (AF) - -the proportion
of disease (Y) in the population (P) that can be
attributed to factor (X).
Prevalence - -A mathematical quantity that
describes the presence of a disease (Y) in a
population (P); proportion of persons in the AF Formula - -[(incidence in P)-(incidence
population (P) with disease (Y). in unexposed)]
-----------------------------------
(incidence in P)
Prevalence Formula - -# with Y in P
------------
# in P Screening - -the process of early diagnosis
of a disease; identification of disease or risk
factors for the disease in its pre-symptomatic or
Incidence - -A mathematical quantity that pre-clinical stage.
describes the occurrence of a disease (Y) in a Ex: cervical cancer screening.
population (P); proportion of persons in the pop.
