Page 1 of 29
NCC EFM EXAM BREAKDOWN & STUDY GUIDE
NEWEST 2026 ACTUAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS (VERIFIED
ANSWERS) ALL ANSWERED {70 Q & A} ALREADY
GRADED A+ | BRAND NEW! | 100% GUARANTEED
PASS
Use of EFM - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer > Tells us whether fetus is
oxygenated (indirect measurement)
-Does not ↓ rates of infant mortality or CP
-Poor at recognizing deoxygenation but reliable at predicting
normal pH
-Low risk: q30 in active stage, q15 in 2nd stage
-High risk: q15 in active stage, q5 in 2nd stage
Physiology - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer > -Uteroplacental circulation ✓
-Fetal circulation ✓
-Fetal HR regulation ✓
-Factors affecting fetal oxygenation ✓
,Page 2 of 29
Factors affecting fetal oxygenation - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer > -Uterine
activity: contractions ↓ blood flow, causes stasis in intervillous
space
-Maternal factors: AMA, poor nutrition, BMI <18 or >30, CHF,
anemia, HTN, diabetes, infection
-Anesthesia: ↓ BP
-Drugs: cocaine & nicotine vasoconstricts, nicotine causes CO to
cross placenta (↓ ability of Hgb to carry O2) marijuana ↑ CO2 lvls
-Placental factors: calcifications (post dates, smoking, clotting
d/o, diabetes, HTN), previa, abruption
-Umbilical blood flow: cord compression, umbilical abnormalities
(single artery), prolapse
Uteroplacental circulation - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer > (R arrow indicates
blood flow)
-Uterine artery → spiral arterioles → intervillous space →
diffusion to chorionic villi → oxygenated blood & nutrients to
umbilical vein → fetal circulation
-Opposite occurs to rid deoxygenated blood & waste from uterine
artery
-Trophoblasts allow diffusion from chorionic villi & intervillous
space without mom & baby RBCs mixing
, Page 3 of 29
Fetal circulation - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer > -Umbilical vein → bypass
liver through ductus venosus → inferior & superior vena cava →
R atrium
-Ductus venosus has most highly oxygenated blood
-R atrium → L atrium via foramen ovale to bypass lungs → L
ventricle → aorta
-Ductus arteriosus connects pulmonary artery to aorta to further
bypass lungs
-Alveoli are filled with fluid shunting blood away from lungs
-In utero, R side has higher pressure keeping the foramen ovale
open, w cord clamp this shifts to L side
-Iliac arteries → umbillical arteries → deoxygenated blood out
Fetal HR regulation - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer > Controlled by the
sinoatrial (SA) node
-Rate is affected by maturity of parasympathetic nervous system
(cholinergic, beta cell relaxation of smooth muscles)
-Variability: sympathetic (alpha) vs parasympathetic (beta)
-Baroreceptors influence FHR in response to BP changes (↑ BP
causes ↓ FHR)
-Chemoreceptors respond to hypoxia & ↑ CO2 w tachycardia &
HTN
NCC EFM EXAM BREAKDOWN & STUDY GUIDE
NEWEST 2026 ACTUAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS (VERIFIED
ANSWERS) ALL ANSWERED {70 Q & A} ALREADY
GRADED A+ | BRAND NEW! | 100% GUARANTEED
PASS
Use of EFM - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer > Tells us whether fetus is
oxygenated (indirect measurement)
-Does not ↓ rates of infant mortality or CP
-Poor at recognizing deoxygenation but reliable at predicting
normal pH
-Low risk: q30 in active stage, q15 in 2nd stage
-High risk: q15 in active stage, q5 in 2nd stage
Physiology - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer > -Uteroplacental circulation ✓
-Fetal circulation ✓
-Fetal HR regulation ✓
-Factors affecting fetal oxygenation ✓
,Page 2 of 29
Factors affecting fetal oxygenation - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer > -Uterine
activity: contractions ↓ blood flow, causes stasis in intervillous
space
-Maternal factors: AMA, poor nutrition, BMI <18 or >30, CHF,
anemia, HTN, diabetes, infection
-Anesthesia: ↓ BP
-Drugs: cocaine & nicotine vasoconstricts, nicotine causes CO to
cross placenta (↓ ability of Hgb to carry O2) marijuana ↑ CO2 lvls
-Placental factors: calcifications (post dates, smoking, clotting
d/o, diabetes, HTN), previa, abruption
-Umbilical blood flow: cord compression, umbilical abnormalities
(single artery), prolapse
Uteroplacental circulation - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer > (R arrow indicates
blood flow)
-Uterine artery → spiral arterioles → intervillous space →
diffusion to chorionic villi → oxygenated blood & nutrients to
umbilical vein → fetal circulation
-Opposite occurs to rid deoxygenated blood & waste from uterine
artery
-Trophoblasts allow diffusion from chorionic villi & intervillous
space without mom & baby RBCs mixing
, Page 3 of 29
Fetal circulation - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer > -Umbilical vein → bypass
liver through ductus venosus → inferior & superior vena cava →
R atrium
-Ductus venosus has most highly oxygenated blood
-R atrium → L atrium via foramen ovale to bypass lungs → L
ventricle → aorta
-Ductus arteriosus connects pulmonary artery to aorta to further
bypass lungs
-Alveoli are filled with fluid shunting blood away from lungs
-In utero, R side has higher pressure keeping the foramen ovale
open, w cord clamp this shifts to L side
-Iliac arteries → umbillical arteries → deoxygenated blood out
Fetal HR regulation - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer > Controlled by the
sinoatrial (SA) node
-Rate is affected by maturity of parasympathetic nervous system
(cholinergic, beta cell relaxation of smooth muscles)
-Variability: sympathetic (alpha) vs parasympathetic (beta)
-Baroreceptors influence FHR in response to BP changes (↑ BP
causes ↓ FHR)
-Chemoreceptors respond to hypoxia & ↑ CO2 w tachycardia &
HTN
