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Uitgebreide samenvatting Biologische Psychologie 2: Functies (VUB) - 14/20

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Zeer uitgebreide samenvatting van alle informatie uit de slides en hoorcolleges van het vak Biologische Psychologie 2 aan de VUB. Bevat alle info, nuttige voorbeelden en uitleg bij de afbeeldingen. Lescodes: 1003186BER of 1003185BEW (voor werkstudenten zoals mezelf) Ik zat in elke les, so you don't have to ;)

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Biologische Psychologie II: functies
Alles in deze samenvatting bevat alles wat aan bod kwam tijdens de lessen. Dit is
te kennen. De figuren moet je niet kunnen benoemen, maar dienen om te
visualiseren.


Inhoud
Netwerken ............................................................................................................................. 6
1. Netwerkstructuren ..................................................................................................... 9
2. Zintuigen .................................................................................................................. 12
2.1. Definitie van zintuigen ....................................................................................... 12
2.2. Receptoren ...................................................................................................... 14
2.3. Zintuigelijke verwerking ..................................................................................... 15
3. Uitleg aan de hand van illusies .................................................................................. 17
Zicht .................................................................................................................................... 19
1. Het oog .................................................................................................................... 19
1.1. De stimulus: licht.............................................................................................. 19
2. Anatomie van het oog ............................................................................................... 22
2.1. Macro-anatomie ............................................................................................... 22
2.2. Fixatie en oogbewegingen ................................................................................. 23
2.3. Evolutie ............................................................................................................ 24
3. De retina .................................................................................................................. 25
3.1. Opbouw ........................................................................................................... 25
3.2. Fotoreceptoren................................................................................................. 27
3.3. Bipolaire cellen................................................................................................. 29
3.4. Ganglioncellen ................................................................................................. 30
3.5. Horizontale en amacrine cellen ......................................................................... 31
3.6. Centraal en perifeer zicht .................................................................................. 32
4. Hersenregio’s betrokken bij visuele processen .......................................................... 34
4.1. Overzicht van het visuele circuit ........................................................................ 34
4.2. LGN ................................................................................................................. 38
4.3. Cortex Striata – V1 – primaire visuele cortex ....................................................... 38
4.4. Cortex Extrastriata ............................................................................................ 39
5. Kleurperceptie ......................................................................................................... 40
5.1. Ganglioncellen: licht en donker ......................................................................... 40
5.2. Rol van de retina ............................................................................................... 48

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5.3. Cortex striata – LGN (Laterale Geniculate Nucleus)............................................ 54
5.4. Cortext extrastriata ........................................................................................... 56
6. Vormperceptie ......................................................................................................... 58
6.1. Spatiale frequentie ........................................................................................... 58
6.2. Cortex striata.................................................................................................... 69
6.3. Cortex extrastriata ............................................................................................ 69
7. Perceptie van spatiale locatie ................................................................................... 75
7.1. Rol van de retina & Cortex striata ....................................................................... 75
7.2. Cortex extrastriata ............................................................................................ 76
8. Perceptie van beweging ............................................................................................ 78
8.1. Cortex striata.................................................................................................... 78
8.2. Cortex extrastriata ............................................................................................ 78
Gehoor ................................................................................................................................ 81
1. De stimulus: geluid ................................................................................................... 81
2. Anatomie van het oor ................................................................................................ 82
2.2. Middenoor ........................................................................................................ 83
2.3. Binnenoor ........................................................................................................ 83
3. Haarcellen & transductie .......................................................................................... 86
3.1. Het cochleair implantaat .................................................................................. 89
4. Het auditieve circuit ................................................................................................. 89
5. Toonhoogte .............................................................................................................. 93
6. Volume .................................................................................................................... 93
7. Timbre ..................................................................................................................... 94
8. Spatiale locatie ........................................................................................................ 94
8.1. Binaurale verschillen ........................................................................................ 94
8.2. Lokalisatie op basis van timbre ......................................................................... 96
9. Complexe geluiden................................................................................................... 97
Evenwicht ............................................................................................................................ 97
1. Anatomie van het vestibulaire systeem (geconnecteerd met het slakkenhuis) ............ 97
1.1. Semicirculaire kanalen van het dynamische labyrint .......................................... 99
1.2. Transductie (analoog aan principe van cochlea)............................................... 101
2. Het vestibulaire circuit = voor perceptie van evenwicht ............................................ 101
2.1. Vestibulaire schade ........................................................................................ 102
2.2. Klinische/praktische toepassing...................................................................... 102
Voelen ............................................................................................................................... 103
1. De stimuli .............................................................................................................. 103

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2. Anatomie van de huid ............................................................................................. 103
3. Stimulatie van de huid ............................................................................................ 106
3.1. Aanraking ....................................................................................................... 106
3.2. Thermoceptie, de detectie van temperatuur .................................................... 106
3.3. Pijn................................................................................................................. 106
4. Het somatosensorische circuit ............................................................................... 107
4.1. Ventrale posterieure nucleus thalamus ........................................................... 108
4.2. Corticaal ........................................................................................................ 110
5. Pijn ........................................................................................................................ 110
5.1. Zelfverwondend gedrag zonder suïcidale intentie (NSSI)................................... 113
5.2. Terug naar de basis ......................................................................................... 116
5.3. Sociale pijn bij sociale exclusie ....................................................................... 118
Smaak ............................................................................................................................... 121
1. De stimuli .............................................................................................................. 121
2. Anatomie van de smaakpapillen en smaakcellen..................................................... 121
3. Smaakperceptie ..................................................................................................... 122
4. Het smaakcircuit .................................................................................................... 122
4.1. De basisverwerkingsroute ............................................................................... 122
4.2. Alternatieve routes ......................................................................................... 124
Geur .................................................................................................................................. 124
1. De stimulus............................................................................................................ 124
1.1. Anatomie van het olfactieve apparaat.............................................................. 126
2. Transductie ............................................................................................................ 129
3. Perceptie van geuren .............................................................................................. 131
Motoriek ............................................................................................................................ 132
1. Skeletspieren ......................................................................................................... 132
1.1. Anatomie........................................................................................................ 132
1.2. Contractie ...................................................................................................... 133
1.3. Sensorische feedback .................................................................................... 135
2. Motoriek & het ruggenmerg ..................................................................................... 135
2.1. Monosynaptische reflex .................................................................................. 135
2.2. Polysynaptische reflexen ................................................................................ 137
3. Motoriek & het brein ............................................................................................... 137
3.1. Dalende banen ............................................................................................... 137
3.2. Corticale structuren........................................................................................ 138
3.3. De motorische associatiecortex ...................................................................... 139

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3.4. Subcorticale structuren .................................................................................. 143
4. Complexe motoriek ................................................................................................ 151
4.1. Spiegelneuronen ............................................................................................ 151
4.2. Corollary discharge......................................................................................... 153
Stress ................................................................................................................................ 156
1. De stress respons................................................................................................... 156
2. Stress en evolutie ................................................................................................... 160
2.1. Parallellen tussen soorten .............................................................................. 160
2.2. Trade off ......................................................................................................... 161
2.3. Stress en vroege ervaringen............................................................................. 161
2.4. Prenatale stress.............................................................................................. 162
3. Prenatale stress en zorg.......................................................................................... 163
3.1. Rol van de zorg ............................................................................................... 163
3.2. Impact op hippocampus ................................................................................. 164
4. Stress, de mens en psychopathologie ..................................................................... 164
4.1. Adaptiviteit van de stressrespons .................................................................... 164
4.2. Invloeden op mentale stress ........................................................................... 164
4.3. Psychopathologie ........................................................................................... 165
4.4. Adaptiviteit revisited ....................................................................................... 166
4.5. Langetermijn gezondheidseffecten op stress ................................................... 166
4.6. Psycho-neuro-immunologie ............................................................................ 166
Slaap en biologische ritmes................................................................................................ 167
1. Wat is slaap ........................................................................................................... 167
1.1. Slaapstadia .................................................................................................... 167
1.2. Hersenactiviteit tijdens de slaap ..................................................................... 171
2. Waarom slapen we? ............................................................................................... 171
2.1. Functies van SWS-slaap.................................................................................. 171
2.2. Slaapdeprivatie .............................................................................................. 172
2.3. Fysieke activiteit en SWS-slaap ....................................................................... 172
2.4. Mentale activiteit en SWS-slaap ...................................................................... 173
3. Functies van REM-slaap ......................................................................................... 173
4. Slaap en leren ........................................................................................................ 173
5. Fysiologische slaap-/waakmechanismes ................................................................ 174
5.1. Neurale controle van slaap ............................................................................. 174
5.2. Neurale controle van waakzaamheid ............................................................... 175
5.3. Neurale controle van slaap/waak overgangen .................................................. 180

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