IntroductIon to clInIcal Pharmacology (12th
EdItIon) – comPlEtE tEst Bank wIth nclEX-stylE
QuEstIons and answEr ratIonalEs 2025/2026
1. Clinical Pharmacology - ANSWER Study of drug action and therapeutic use.
2. The FDA established a program called what for reporting safety and adverse
events? - ANSWER MedWatch
3. MedWatch - ANSWER FDA reporting program for health care professionals
to report adverse effects that occur from the use of an approved drug or other
medical product
4. Special Food and Drug Administration Programs include: - ANSWER
Orphan drug program, Accelerated programs for urgent needs , and Risk
Evaluation and Mitigation Strategies (REMS) program.
5. Orphan Drug Act of 1983 - ANSWER Provided incentives for the
development of orphan drugs for treatment of rare diseases
6. Accelerated Programs - ANSWER is offered by the FDA as a means to make
promising products for life-threatening diseases available on the market,
based on preliminary evidence and before formal demonstration of client
benefit.
7. Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategies (REMS) - ANSWER Program of
the FDA, designed to monitor drugs that have a high risk compared to
benefit ratio
,8. Oral drugs go through 3 phases: - ANSWER pharmaceutic phase ,
pharmacokinetic phase , pharmacodynamic phase,
9. pharmaceutic phase - ANSWER the drug is dissolved.
10.A client wants to know why their primary health care provider prescribes a
liquid medication for an illness. How should the nurse best explain the
process to the client? - ANSWER Is absorbed faster by the body system
11.Pharmacokinetics - ANSWER refers to the transportation activity of drugs in
the body after administration.
12.ex: include absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion
13.Absorption - ANSWER is the process by which a drug is made available for
use in the body. This process involves moving the drug from the site of
administration into the body fluids.
14.Movement of absorption- - ANSWER active transport, passive transport, and
pinocytosis
15.Active Transport - ANSWER cellular energy is used to move the drug from
an area of low concentration to one of high concentration
16.Passive Transport - ANSWER NO cellular energy is used as the drug moves
from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration (small
molecules diffuse across the cell membrane).
,17.Pinocytosis - ANSWER cells engulf the drug particle (the cell forms a
vesicle to transport the drug across the cell membrane and into the cell).
18.Several factors influence the rate of absorption: - ANSWER the route of
administration, the solubility of the drug, and specific conditions of the
body's tissues.
19.What is the most rapid route of drug absorption? - ANSWER IV
(intravenous)
20.Bioavailability - ANSWER when 100% of the drug given is available to the
cells of the body.
21.Absorption occurs more slowly when a drug is administered: - ANSWER
orally, intramuscularly, or subcutaneously
22.**this is because the complex membranes of the GI mucosal layer, muscle,
and skin delay drug passage.**
23.lipodystrophy - ANSWER the atrophy of subcutaneous tissue from repeated
subcutaneous injections; inhibits absorption of a drug given in the affected
site
24.ex: insulin administered for diabetes
25.first-pass effect - ANSWER when a drug is absorbed by the small intestine,
it passes first into the liver before being released to circulate within the rest
of the body.
, 26.Distribution - ANSWER the systematic circulation a drug is transported to
various body tissues or target sites.
27.Distribution of an absorbed frug in the body depends on: - ANSWER blood
flow, solubility, and protein binding
28.Blood Flow - ANSWER a drug is distributed quickly to areas with large
blood supply such as the heart, liver, and kidneys.
29.Solubility - ANSWER the drugs ability to cross the cell membrane affects its
distribution. Lipid soluble drugs easily cross the cell membrane, whereas
water-soluble drugs do not.
30.protein binding - ANSWER when a drug travels through the blood, it comes
into contact with proteins such as the plasma protein albumin. The drug can
remain free in the circulation or bind to the protein. Only free drugs can
produce a therapeutic effect. Drugs bound to protein are pharmacologically
inactive. Only when the protein molecules release the drug can the drug
diffuse into the tissues, interact with the receptors, and produce a therapeutic
effect.
31.Metabolism - ANSWER also called biotransformation, is the process by
which the body changes a drug to a more or less active form that can be
excreted.
32.metabolite - ANSWER is the inactive form of the original drug.
EdItIon) – comPlEtE tEst Bank wIth nclEX-stylE
QuEstIons and answEr ratIonalEs 2025/2026
1. Clinical Pharmacology - ANSWER Study of drug action and therapeutic use.
2. The FDA established a program called what for reporting safety and adverse
events? - ANSWER MedWatch
3. MedWatch - ANSWER FDA reporting program for health care professionals
to report adverse effects that occur from the use of an approved drug or other
medical product
4. Special Food and Drug Administration Programs include: - ANSWER
Orphan drug program, Accelerated programs for urgent needs , and Risk
Evaluation and Mitigation Strategies (REMS) program.
5. Orphan Drug Act of 1983 - ANSWER Provided incentives for the
development of orphan drugs for treatment of rare diseases
6. Accelerated Programs - ANSWER is offered by the FDA as a means to make
promising products for life-threatening diseases available on the market,
based on preliminary evidence and before formal demonstration of client
benefit.
7. Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategies (REMS) - ANSWER Program of
the FDA, designed to monitor drugs that have a high risk compared to
benefit ratio
,8. Oral drugs go through 3 phases: - ANSWER pharmaceutic phase ,
pharmacokinetic phase , pharmacodynamic phase,
9. pharmaceutic phase - ANSWER the drug is dissolved.
10.A client wants to know why their primary health care provider prescribes a
liquid medication for an illness. How should the nurse best explain the
process to the client? - ANSWER Is absorbed faster by the body system
11.Pharmacokinetics - ANSWER refers to the transportation activity of drugs in
the body after administration.
12.ex: include absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion
13.Absorption - ANSWER is the process by which a drug is made available for
use in the body. This process involves moving the drug from the site of
administration into the body fluids.
14.Movement of absorption- - ANSWER active transport, passive transport, and
pinocytosis
15.Active Transport - ANSWER cellular energy is used to move the drug from
an area of low concentration to one of high concentration
16.Passive Transport - ANSWER NO cellular energy is used as the drug moves
from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration (small
molecules diffuse across the cell membrane).
,17.Pinocytosis - ANSWER cells engulf the drug particle (the cell forms a
vesicle to transport the drug across the cell membrane and into the cell).
18.Several factors influence the rate of absorption: - ANSWER the route of
administration, the solubility of the drug, and specific conditions of the
body's tissues.
19.What is the most rapid route of drug absorption? - ANSWER IV
(intravenous)
20.Bioavailability - ANSWER when 100% of the drug given is available to the
cells of the body.
21.Absorption occurs more slowly when a drug is administered: - ANSWER
orally, intramuscularly, or subcutaneously
22.**this is because the complex membranes of the GI mucosal layer, muscle,
and skin delay drug passage.**
23.lipodystrophy - ANSWER the atrophy of subcutaneous tissue from repeated
subcutaneous injections; inhibits absorption of a drug given in the affected
site
24.ex: insulin administered for diabetes
25.first-pass effect - ANSWER when a drug is absorbed by the small intestine,
it passes first into the liver before being released to circulate within the rest
of the body.
, 26.Distribution - ANSWER the systematic circulation a drug is transported to
various body tissues or target sites.
27.Distribution of an absorbed frug in the body depends on: - ANSWER blood
flow, solubility, and protein binding
28.Blood Flow - ANSWER a drug is distributed quickly to areas with large
blood supply such as the heart, liver, and kidneys.
29.Solubility - ANSWER the drugs ability to cross the cell membrane affects its
distribution. Lipid soluble drugs easily cross the cell membrane, whereas
water-soluble drugs do not.
30.protein binding - ANSWER when a drug travels through the blood, it comes
into contact with proteins such as the plasma protein albumin. The drug can
remain free in the circulation or bind to the protein. Only free drugs can
produce a therapeutic effect. Drugs bound to protein are pharmacologically
inactive. Only when the protein molecules release the drug can the drug
diffuse into the tissues, interact with the receptors, and produce a therapeutic
effect.
31.Metabolism - ANSWER also called biotransformation, is the process by
which the body changes a drug to a more or less active form that can be
excreted.
32.metabolite - ANSWER is the inactive form of the original drug.
