Comprehensive Cardiac and Vascular Disorders:
Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Nursing Care –
Questions & Answers
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Terms in this set (269)
What is cardiac output? The amount of blood ejected from one ventricle of
the heart each minute.
What is stroke volume? The amount of blood ejected with each heartbeat.
What does ischemia refer to? A decrease in blood supply and oxygenation.
What is an infarction? A heart attack.
What is the normal heart rate range 60-100 beats per minute.
set by the S Node?
What is the function of the AV Node? It is electrical conduction tissue that allows a slight
delay for the atria to contract before the ventricles.
What does an EKG measure? The electrical activity of the heart.
What is atherosclerosis? Plaque buildup in the arteries.
What does LDL stand for and why is it Low-Density Lipoprotein; it is considered bad
considered bad? cholesterol because it can lead to plaque buildup in
arteries.
,What is the role of HDL in the body? High-Density Lipoprotein carries cholesterol out of
the body.
Where is the heart located? In the mediastinum, extending downward and to the
left.
What are the three layers of heart Endocardium, myocardium, and epicardium.
tissue?
What is the pericardium? The sac surrounding the heart.
What are the chambers of the heart? Atria and ventricles.
What is the function of the atria? To receive blood returning from the body and lungs.
What is the function of the ventricles? To pump blood to the body and lungs.
Describe the flow of deoxygenated Deoxygenated blood flows from the body into the
blood through the heart. right atrium via the superior and inferior vena cava,
then to the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve.
What happens during ventricular The right ventricle pumps blood through the
systole? pulmonary valve to the lungs.
What is the cardiac cycle? The sequence of events in one heartbeat, consisting
of systole (contraction) and diastole (relaxation).
What factors can affect cardiac Vasoconstriction, arterial compliance, arterial
output? pressure, blood volume entering the heart, and
exercise.
How is cardiac output calculated? By multiplying stroke volume by heart rate.
, What is preload? The volume of blood in the ventricle at the end of
diastole, affecting stroke volume.
What is afterload? The resistance the ventricle must overcome to eject
blood during contraction.
What is contractility? The force generated by the myocardium during
contraction.
What are the two main heart sounds? S1 (closure of mitral and tricuspid valves) and S2
(closure of aortic and pulmonic valves).
What does S3 and S4 indicate? Abnormal heart sounds.
What is a pericardial friction rub? An abnormal heart sound typically heard over the
left sternal border.
What heart sounds are considered Heart sounds that correlate with the closure of heart
normal? valves, specifically S1 and S2.
What does S3 indicate in adults over It could indicate heart failure and decreased
40? ventricular compliance.
What is S4 known as? An atrial gallop, heard immediately before S1, often
due to decreased ventricular compliance.
How are murmurs classified? Murmurs are classified according to their timing in
the cardiac cycle: systolic (between S1 and S2) and
diastolic (between S2 and S1).
What does an electrocardiogram It records cardiac electrical activity.
(ECG) record?
What is depolarization in the context The electrical impulse that activates the heart to
of cardiac rhythms? contract.
What is repolarization? The process when the heart muscle relaxes after
contraction.
Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Nursing Care –
Questions & Answers
Save
Terms in this set (269)
What is cardiac output? The amount of blood ejected from one ventricle of
the heart each minute.
What is stroke volume? The amount of blood ejected with each heartbeat.
What does ischemia refer to? A decrease in blood supply and oxygenation.
What is an infarction? A heart attack.
What is the normal heart rate range 60-100 beats per minute.
set by the S Node?
What is the function of the AV Node? It is electrical conduction tissue that allows a slight
delay for the atria to contract before the ventricles.
What does an EKG measure? The electrical activity of the heart.
What is atherosclerosis? Plaque buildup in the arteries.
What does LDL stand for and why is it Low-Density Lipoprotein; it is considered bad
considered bad? cholesterol because it can lead to plaque buildup in
arteries.
,What is the role of HDL in the body? High-Density Lipoprotein carries cholesterol out of
the body.
Where is the heart located? In the mediastinum, extending downward and to the
left.
What are the three layers of heart Endocardium, myocardium, and epicardium.
tissue?
What is the pericardium? The sac surrounding the heart.
What are the chambers of the heart? Atria and ventricles.
What is the function of the atria? To receive blood returning from the body and lungs.
What is the function of the ventricles? To pump blood to the body and lungs.
Describe the flow of deoxygenated Deoxygenated blood flows from the body into the
blood through the heart. right atrium via the superior and inferior vena cava,
then to the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve.
What happens during ventricular The right ventricle pumps blood through the
systole? pulmonary valve to the lungs.
What is the cardiac cycle? The sequence of events in one heartbeat, consisting
of systole (contraction) and diastole (relaxation).
What factors can affect cardiac Vasoconstriction, arterial compliance, arterial
output? pressure, blood volume entering the heart, and
exercise.
How is cardiac output calculated? By multiplying stroke volume by heart rate.
, What is preload? The volume of blood in the ventricle at the end of
diastole, affecting stroke volume.
What is afterload? The resistance the ventricle must overcome to eject
blood during contraction.
What is contractility? The force generated by the myocardium during
contraction.
What are the two main heart sounds? S1 (closure of mitral and tricuspid valves) and S2
(closure of aortic and pulmonic valves).
What does S3 and S4 indicate? Abnormal heart sounds.
What is a pericardial friction rub? An abnormal heart sound typically heard over the
left sternal border.
What heart sounds are considered Heart sounds that correlate with the closure of heart
normal? valves, specifically S1 and S2.
What does S3 indicate in adults over It could indicate heart failure and decreased
40? ventricular compliance.
What is S4 known as? An atrial gallop, heard immediately before S1, often
due to decreased ventricular compliance.
How are murmurs classified? Murmurs are classified according to their timing in
the cardiac cycle: systolic (between S1 and S2) and
diastolic (between S2 and S1).
What does an electrocardiogram It records cardiac electrical activity.
(ECG) record?
What is depolarization in the context The electrical impulse that activates the heart to
of cardiac rhythms? contract.
What is repolarization? The process when the heart muscle relaxes after
contraction.
